Immunological Approaches for COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn-aktu.2022-09Abstract
COVID 19, a deadly infectious disease today has affected the whole world. Millions of people have been affected with a large number of deaths, ever since its outbreak in Dec’ 2019 in the Wuhan city, in Hubei Province in Central China. Covid patients develop several complications that include respiratory tract infections, breathlessness; dip in oxygen saturation and in worst cases may cause multiple organ failure leading to death. As such no effective medicine has been discovered except for some vaccines that have come in the market after extensive research and are effectively producing antibodies. During this pandemic, medicinal plant, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements could be a promising prophylactic for COVID 19. Several antiviral plants effective for SARS-CoV have been repurposed for SARS-CoV-2. Nutritional supplements in the form of herbs, vitamins, minerals, probiotics help to enhance immunity and decrease the severity of the disease. Maintaining immunity and strictly following the COVID protocols of Social distancing, hand washing and wearing of mask is the only sustainable way to survive in this pandemic. This review suggests the emerging therapeutic approaches available that can be used for the treatment and an adjuvant in COVID 19. Clinical studies suggest that they have been able to boost immunity and holds promising results in enhancing immunity and in giving symptomatic relief in this disease.
Downloads
Metrics
Keywords:
COVID 19, nutraceuticals, prophylactic, nutritional supplements, antiviral, immunityPublished
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Jean SS, Lee PI, Hsueh PR. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. Journal of microbiology, immunology and infection. 2020 Jun 1;53(3):436-43.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):727-33.
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses–a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. BioRxiv. 2020 Jan 1; 5:536-544.
Li X, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Zhao Q, Li Y, Chaillon A. Transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of 2019‐nCoV. Journal of medical virology. 2020 May;92(5):501-11.
Mittal A, Manjunath K, Ranjan RK, Kaushik S, Kumar S, Verma V. COVID-19 pandemic: Insights into structure, function, and hACE2 receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. PLoS pathogens. 2020 Aug 21;16(8):e1008762.
Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annual review of virology. 2016 Sep 29;3(1):237.
Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, Bucci E, Piacentini M, Ippolito G, Melino G. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death & Differentiation. 2020 May;27(5):1451-1454.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Jama. 2020 Apr 7;323(13):1239-42.
Mason RJ. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective. European Respiratory Journal. 2020 Apr 1; 55(4): 2000607.
Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2020 May;581(7807):221-4.
Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003 Nov;426(6965):450-4.
Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-92.
Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nature reviews immunology. 2020 May;20(5):269-70.
Addi AB, Lefort A, Hua X, Libert F, Communi D, Ledent C, Macours P, Tilley SL, Boeynaems JM, Robaye B. Modulation of murine dendritic cell function by adenine nucleotides and adenosine: involvement of the A2B receptor. European journal of immunology. 2008 Jun;38(6):1610-20.
Mortaz E, Tabarsi P, Varahram M, Folkerts G, Adcock IM. The immune response and immunopathology of COVID-19. Frontiers in immunology. 2020 Aug 26;11:2037.
Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Annals of nutrition and metabolism. 2007;51(4):301-23.
Mousa HA. Prevention and treatment of influenza, influenza-like illness, and common cold by herbal, complementary, and natural therapies. Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine. 2017 Jan;22(1):166-74.
Hamilton AC. Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodiversity & Conservation. 2004 Jul;13(8):1477-517.
Parasuraman S, Thing GS, Dhanaraj SA. Polyherbal formulation: Concept of ayurveda. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2014 Jul;8(16): 73-80.
Ahmad S, Zahiruddin S, Parveen B, Basist P, ParveenA, Parveen R, Ahmad M.Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and their potential against COVID-19–Preclinical and Clinical Research.Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 11: 2470-2503.
Ministry of Ayush, Government of India, 2020. Homeopathy for prevention of coronavirus infections.
Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr H. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. The Lancet. 2003 Jun 14;361(9374):2045-6.
Weber ND, Andersen DO, North JA, Murray BK, Lawson LD, Hughes BG. In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds. Plantamedica. 1992 Oct;58(05):417-23.
Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, Meng J, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Wang J, Sheng J. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell host & microbe. 2020 Mar 11;27(3):325-8.
Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL, Rosler KH, Blomster RN. Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1991 Dec;35(12):2463-6.
Miki K, Nagai T, Suzuki K, Tsujimura R, Koyama K, Kinoshita K, Furuhata K, Yamada H, Takahashi K. Anti-influenza virus activity of biflavonoids. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2007 Feb 1;17(3):772-5.
Micol V, Caturla N, Pérez-Fons L, Más V, Pérez L, Estepa A. The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral research. 2005 Jun 1;66(2-3):129-36.Koshak AE,Koshak EA. Nigella sativa L as a potential phytotherapy for coronavirus disease 2019: A mini review of in silico studies.Curr. Ther. Res.2020; 93: 100602.
Shin WJ, Lee KH, Park MH, Seong BL. Broad‐spectrum antiviral effect of Agrimoniapilosa extract on influenza viruses. Microbiology and immunology. 2010 Jan; 54(1):11-9.
Patel B, Sharma S, Nair N, Majeed J, Goyal RK, Dhobi M. Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID-19. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2021 Jun;476(6):2345-64.
Sethi J, Singh J. Role of Medicinal Plants as Immunostimulants in Health and Disease.Annals of Medicinal Chemistry and Research.2015; 1(2): 1009-1013.
Kumar D, Arya V, Kaur R, Bhat ZA, Gupta VK, Kumar V. A review of immunomodulators in the Indian traditional health care system. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2012 Jun 1;45(3):165-84.
Ashraf MU, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Bukhari SN. Cydoniaoblonga M., a medicinal plant rich in phytonutrients for pharmaceuticals. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2016 Jun 21; 7:163-182.
Al-Snafi AE. The medical importance of Cydoniaoblonga-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 2016a Jun;6(6):87-99.
Hossain MA. A phytopharmacological review on the Omani medicinal plant: Ziziphus jujube. Journal of King Saud University-Science. 2019 Oct 1;31(4):1352-7. Yu Z-P, Xu D-D, Lu L-F, et al.Immunomodulatory effect of a formula developed from American ginseng and Chinese jujube extracts in mice.J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 2016; 17: 147–157.
Al-Snafi AE. The Pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Cordiamyxa-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 2016b;6(6):47-57.
Ali R.Ibrahim ZT. Immunomodulatory of Cordiamyxa (L.) Aqueous Extract Fruit in Immunized Mice with Hydatid Cyst Fluid.Journal of Natural Science and Research.2015; 5(10): 75-82.
Joshi G, Kaur R. Tinosporacordifolia: a phytopharmacological review. International journal of Pharmaceutical sciences and research. 2016 Mar 1;7(3):890-97.
Siva M, Shanmugam KR, Shanmugam B, Venkata SG, Ravi S, Sathyavelu RK, Mallikarjuna K. Ocimum sanctum: a review on the pharmacological properties. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacolology 2016 May;5:558-65.
Liu H, Lu X, Hu Y, Fan X. Chemical constituents of Panax ginseng and Panaxnotoginseng explain why they differ in therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacological research. 2020 Nov 1;161:105263-10579.
Mittal J, Jain M, Gilhotra R,Singh RP. Curry leaf (Murrayakoenigii): a spice with medicinal property.MOJBM. 2017;2: 236–256.
Sharma K, Kumar V, Kumar S, Sharma R, Mehta CM. Bauhinia variegata: a comprehensive review on bioactive compounds, health benefits and utilization. Advances in Traditional Medicine. 2021 Dec;21(4):645-53.
Kim WS, Choi WJ, Lee S, Kim WJ, Lee DC, Sohn UD, Shin HS, Kim W. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of artemisinin extracts from Artemisia annua L. The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology: official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology. 2015 Jan;19(1):21–27.
Mishra S, Aeri V, Gaur PK, Jachak SM. Phytochemical, therapeutic, and ethnopharma-cological overview for a traditionally important herb: Boerhaviadiffusa Linn. BioMed research International. 2014 Oct;2014.1-19.
Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. A review of the role of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in antiphotoaging, stress resistance, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Nutrients. 2019 Feb 23;11(2):474.
Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. Moringaoleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food science and human wellness. 2016 Jun 1;5(2): 49-56.
Devi KP. Non-vitamin and Non-mineral Nutritional Supplements.2019 1st ed. Cambridge Academic Press: UK
Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Cannabis sativa: the plant of the thousand and one molecules. Frontiers in plant science. 2016 Feb 4; 7:19.
Heinrich M, Gibbons S. Ethnopharmacology in drug discovery: an analysis of its role and potential contribution. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2001 Apr;53(4):425-32.
Utami YP, Aliyah RS. Immunostimulant effect combination syrup of Carthamustinctorius L. and Eleutherinepalmifolia extracts on mice (Musmusculus). JST Kesehatan. 2016;6:79-84.
Wink M. Modes of action of herbal medicines and plant secondary metabolites. Medicines. 2015 Sep 8;2(3):251-86.
Chabib L, Muhtadi WK, Rizki MI, Rahman RA, Suhendri MR, Hidayat A. Potential medicinal plants for improve the immune system from Borneo Island and the prospect to be developed as nanomedicine. InMATEC Web of Conferences 2018 (Vol. 154, p. 04006). EDP Sciences.
Puri A, Saxena R, Saxena RP, Saxena KC, Srivastava V, Tandon JS. Immunostimulant activity of Nyctanthesarbor-tristis L. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1994 Mar 1;42(1):31-7.
Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G. Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 1998 Apr;181(1):71-6.
Yang G, Li K, Liu C, Peng P, Bai M, Sun J, Li Q, Yang Z, Yang Y, Wu H..A Comparison of the Immunostimulatory Effects of Polysaccharides from Tetraploid and Diploid Echinacea purpurea", Biomedical Research.2018 Jul 9; 1-12.
Sunila ES, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn. and piperine. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2004 Feb 1;90(2-3):339-46.
Xue Y, Wang Y, Feng DC, Xiao BG, Xu LY. Tetrandrine suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation by inhibiting NF-κB pathway. ActaPharmacologicaSinica. 2008 Feb;29(2):245-51..
Singh S, Khajuria A, Taneja SC, Johri RK, Singh J, Qazi GN. Boswellic acids: A leukotriene inhibitor also effective through topical application in inflammatory disorders. Phytomedicine. 2008 Jun 20;15(6-7):400-7.
Ghosal S, Lal J, Srivastava R, Bhattacharya SK, Upadhyay SN, Jaiswal AK, Chattopadhyay U. Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two new glycowithanolides from Withaniasomnifera. Phytotherapy Research. 1989;3(5):201-6.
Punturee K, Wild CP, Kasinrerk W, Vinitketkumnuen U. Immunomodulatory activities of Centellaasiatica and Rhinacanthus-nasutus extracts. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2005 Jul 1;6(3):396.-400.
Brindha P. Role of phytochemicals as immunomodulatory agents: A review. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP). 2016 Mar 5;10(1): 1-18.
Badam L, Bedekar S, Sonavane KB, Joshi SP.In vitro antiviral activity of bael (Aeglemarmelos Corr) upon human coxsackieviruses B1–B6. Journal of Communicable Diseases. 200234: 88–99.
Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Pannecouque C, Van Damme E, Peumans W, Egberink H, Balzarini J, Van Ranst M. Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle. Antiviral research. 2007 Sep 1;75(3):179-87.
Zhang GB, Tian LQ, Li YM, Liao YF, Li J, Bing FH. Protective effect of homonojirimycin from Commelinacommunis (dayflower) on influenza virus infection in mice. Phytomedicine. 2013 Aug 15;20(11):964-8.
Nworu EL, Esimone CO, Ezeifeka CS.Extracts of Moringaoleifera Lam. showing inhibitory activity against early steps in the infectivity of HIV-1 lentiviral particles in a viral vector-based screening. African Journal of Biotechnology.2015; 12:4866–4873.
Estari M, Venkanna L, Sripriya D, Lalitha R. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity of Phyllanthusemblica plant extract. Biology and Medicine. 2012 Oct 1;4(4):178–182.
Javed T, Ashfaq UA, Riaz S, Rehman S, Riazuddin S. In-vitro antiviral activity of Solanumnigrum against Hepatitis C Virus. Virology Journal. 2011 Dec;8(1):1-7.
Xie F. Broad-spectrum antiviral effect of chebulagic acid and punicalagin on respiratory syncytial virus infection in a BALB/c model. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology. 2016 Jan 1;9(2):611-9. Chang JS, Wang KC, Yeh CF, et al. Fresh ginger (Zingiberofficinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J. Ethnopharmacol.2013; 145(1):146–151.
Lunavath V andEstari. Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Reverse Transcriptase by Cassia occidentalis (L) Plant Extract.International Journal of Engineering Research2012; 3: 490-493.
Khan MY, Kumar V. Mechanism & inhibition kinetics of bioassay-guided fractions of Indian medicinal plants and foods as ACE inhibitors. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine. 2019 Jan 1;9(1):73-84.
Elsebai MF, Mocan A, Atanasov AG. Cynaropicrin: A comprehensive research review and therapeutic potential as an anti-hepatitis C virus agent. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2016 Dec 8;7:472.
Khan T, Khan MA, Ullah N, Nadhman A. Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against COVID-19: The role of antiviral medicinal metabolites. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology. 2021 Jan 1;31:101890.
Younis W, Asif H, Sharif A, Riaz H, Bukhari IA, Assiri AM. Traditional medicinal plants used for respiratory disorders in Pakistan: a review of the ethno-medicinal and pharmacological evidence. Chinese medicine. 2018 Dec;13(1):1-29.
Tian L, Wang Z, Wu H, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang L, Qi F, Fang M, Yu D. Evaluation of the anti-neuraminidase activity of the traditional Chinese medicines and determination of the anti-influenza A virus effects of the neuraminidase inhibitory TCMs in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):534-42.
Sornpet B, Potha T, Tragoolpua Y, Pringproa K. Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal pant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017 Sep 1;10(9):871-6.
Stachowska E, Folwarski M, Jamioł-Milc D, Maciejewska D, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Nutritional support in coronavirus 2019 disease. Medicina. 2020 Jun 12;56(6):289.
Cena H, Chieppa M. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19–SARS-CoV-2) and nutrition: is infection in Italy suggesting a connection?. Frontiers in immunology. 2020:944.
de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani C, Corgosinho FC, Sanches FL, Prado CM, Laviano A, Mota JF. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrition reviews. 2021 Apr; 79(4): 382-93.
Mrityunjaya M, Pavithra V, Neelam R, Janhavi P, Halami PM, Ravindra PV. Immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory food supplements targeting pathogenesis of COVID-19. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020:2337.
Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Alekseenko SI, Svistunov AA, Petrakis D, Spandidos DA, Aaseth J, Tsatsakis A. Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID‑19. International journal of molecular medicine. 2020 Jul 1;46(1):17-26.
WHO. The World Health report 2002. Midwifery.2003; 19:72-73.
Barocas JA, So-Armah K, Cheng DM, Lioznov D, Baum M, Gallagher K, Fuster D, Gnatienko N, Krupitsky E, Freiberg MS, Samet JH. Zinc deficiency and advanced liver fibrosis among HIV and hepatitis C co-infected anti-retroviral naïve persons with alcohol use in Russia. PLoS One. 2019 Jun 27;14(6):e0218852.
Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1998 Aug 1;68(2):447S-63S.
Kumar A, Kubota Y, Chernov M, Kasuya H. Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Medical hypotheses. 2020 Nov 1;144:109848.
Bao S, Knoell DL. Zinc modulates cytokine-induced lung epithelial cell barrier permeability. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2006 Dec; 291(6): L1132-41.
Ishida T. Review on the role of Zn2+ ions in viral pathogenesis and the effect of Zn2+ ions for host cell-virus growth inhibition. American Journal of Biomedical Science.2019; 2:28–37.
Gombart AF. The vitamin D–antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future microbiology. 2009 Nov; 4(9): 1151-65.
Khemka A, Suri A, Singh NK, Bansal SK. Role of vitamin D supplementation in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2020 Oct;35(4):502-3.
Zhou YF, Luo BA, Qin LL. The association between vitamin D deficiency and community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Medicine. 2019 Sep; 98(38): e17252.
Vieth R. The mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity. Bone and mineral. 1990 Dec 1;11(3):267-72.
Kalia V, Studzinski GP, Sarkar S. Role of vitamin D in regulating COVID‐19 severity—An immunological perspective. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2021 Oct;110(4):809-19.
Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, Habibzadeh N, Schorah CJ. The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. 1994 Mar 2;64(3):212-9.
Syed AA, Knowlson S, Sculthorpe R, Farthing D, DeWilde C, Farthing CA, Larus TL, Martin E, Brophy DF, Gupta S, Fisher BJ. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. Journal of translational medicine. 2014 Dec;12(1):1-10.
Holford P, Carr AC, Jovic TH, Ali SR, Whitaker IS, Marik PE, Smith AD. Vitamin C—An adjunctive therapy for respiratory infection, sepsis and COVID-19. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 7;12(12):3760.
Zhang J, Rao X, Li Y, Zhu Y, Liu F, Guo G, Luo G, Meng Z, De Backer D, Xiang H, Peng Z. Pilot trial of high-dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Annals of intensive care. 2021 Dec;11(1):1-2.
Kumari P, Dembra S, Dembra P, Bhawna F, Gul A, Ali B, Sohail H, Kumar B, Memon MK, Rizwan A. The role of vitamin C as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19. Cureus. 2020 Nov 30;12(11): e11779.
Manoharan Y, Haridas V, Vasanthakumar KC, Muthu S, Thavoorullah FF, Shetty P. Curcumin: a wonder drug as a preventive measure for COVID19 management. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2020 Jul;35(3):373-5.
Donma MM, Donma O. The effects of allium sativum on immunity within the scope of COVID-19 infection. Medical Hypotheses. 2020 Nov 1;144:109934.
Alam J, Hussain T, Pati S. Bio-active Compounds (Curcumin, Allicin and Gingerol) of Common Spices used in Indian and South-east Asian Countries Might Protect against COVID-19 Infection: A Short Review. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2020; 31: 65-78.
Oso BJ, Adeoye AO, Olaoye IF. Pharmaco-informatics and hypothetical studies on allicin, curcumin, and gingerol as potential candidates against COVID-19-associated proteases. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022 Jan 2;40(1):389-400.
Starosila D, Rybalko S, Varbanetz L, Ivanskaya N, Sorokulova I. Anti-influenza activity of a Bacillus subtilis probiotic strain. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2017 Jul 1; 61(7): e00539-17.
Jung YJ, Lee YT, Ngo VL, Cho YH, Ko EJ, Hong SM, Kim KH, Jang JH, Oh JS, Park MK, Kim CH. Heat-killed Lactobacillus casei confers broad protection against influenza A virus primary infection and develops heterosubtypic immunity against future secondary infection. Scientific reports. 2017 Dec 12;7(1):1-2.
Park S, Kim JI, Bae JY, Yoo K, Kim H, Kim IH, Park MS, Lee I. Effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum against influenza viruses in mice. Journal of microbiology. 2018 Feb;56(2):145-9.
Mahooti M, Abdolalipour E, Salehzadeh A, Mohebbi SR, Gorji A, Ghaemi A. Immunomodulatory and prophylactic effects of Bifidobacteriumbifidum probiotic strain on influenza infection in mice. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019 Jun; 35(6): 1-9.
Lehtoranta L, Pitkäranta A, Korpela R. Probiotics in respiratory virus infections. European Journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases. 2014 Aug;33(8):1289-302.
Chong HX, Yusoff NA, Hor YY, Lew LC, Jaafar MH, Choi SB, Yusoff MS, Wahid N, Abdullah MF, Zakaria N, Ong KL. Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 improved upper respiratory tract infections via enhancing immune and inflammatory parameters: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of dairy science. 2019 Jun 1;102(6):4783-97.
Qian W, Wei X, Guo K, Li Y, Lin X, Zou Z, Zhou H, Jin M. The C-terminal effector domain of non-structural protein 1 of influenza A virus blocks IFN-β production by targeting TNF receptor-associated factor 3. Frontiers in immunology. 2017 Jul 3;8:779
Kotzampassi K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Voudouris A, Kazamias P, Eleftheriadis E. Benefits of a synbiotic formula (Synbiotic 2000Forte®) in critically ill trauma patients: early results of a randomized controlled trial. World Journal of surgery. 2006 Oct; 30(10):1848-55.
