Novel Topical Drug Delivery Approaches for the Management of Psoriasis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.5.2Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most stern and persistent autoimmune disease which affects about 1-3% population around the globe. It influences an individual’s life quality by hindering them physically, socially and emotionally. The hyperproliferation of keratinocytes leads to excessive growth of skin cell which causes scaling and formation of plaques. Psoriasis can be mild moderate or severe depending on the percentage of skin area affected. Based on severity of the disease, location and the type of psoriasis, the treatment approaches can vary. Treatment regimens for psoriasis include topical therapies, systemic therapies and phototherapy. Conventional drug delivery approaches face various disadvantages therefore a need for better novel drug delivery system is required. The review paper focuses at providing a broad aspect of psoriasis and the novel treatment approaches which can help in tackling the disease.
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Keywords:
Psoriasis, topical agents, liposomes, novel, treatment, conventional, oral agents
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Published
2020-09-15
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1.
Kumar B, Targhotra M, Aggarwal R, P K S. Novel Topical Drug Delivery Approaches for the Management of Psoriasis . Scopus Indexed [Internet]. 2020 Sep. 15 [cited 2024 Nov. 19];13(5):5062-8. Available from: https://ijpsnonline.com/index.php/ijpsn/article/view/1291
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Review Articles
References
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Ali MF, Salah M, Rafea M and Saleh N. (2008). Liposomal methotrexate hydrogel for treatment of localized psoriasis: preparation, characterization and laser targeting. Med Sci Monit, 14: 66-74
Almaghrabi MA (2017). Preparation and Characterization of Acitretin Loaded Niosomes for Psoriasis Treatment. Mississippi: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery. School of pharmacy, University of Mississippi.
Ashwin B. Kuchekar, Rohini R. Pujari and Shantanu B. Kuchekar (2011). Psoriasis: A comprehensive review. International Journal of pharmacy & life sciences, 2(6): 857-77.
Avasatthi V, Pawar H, Dora CP, Bansod P, Gill MS and Suresh S (2016). A novel nanogel formulation of methotrexate for topical treatment of psoriasis: optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 21: 554-562.
Barradas TN, Senna JP, Cardoso SA, Nicoli S, Padula C and Santi P (2017). Hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsions based on essential oils for topical delivery of psoralen: permeation and stability studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 116: 38-50.
Beber TC, de Andrade DF, Chaves Pdos S, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS and Beck RC (2016). Cationic polymeric nanocapsules as a strategy to target dexamethasone to viable epidermis: skin penetration and permeation studies. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 16: 1331-1338.
Bhandari K.H, Lee D.X, Newa M, Yoon S.I, Kim J.S and Kim D.D (2008). Evaluation of skin permeation and accumulation profiles of a highly lipophilic fatty ester. Arch. Pharm. Res. 31: 242-249.
Bouwstra J.A, Honeywell-Nguyen P.L, Gooris G.S and Ponec M (2003). Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Prog. Lipid Res, 42: 1-36.
Chandra A, Joshi K and Aggarwal G (2018). Topical Nano Drug Delivery for Treatment of Psoriasis: Progressive and Novel Delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 12(3): 35-48.
Chaudhary S, Garg T, Murthy R, Rath G and Goyal AK. (2015). Development, optimization and evaluation of long chain nanolipid carrier for hepatic delivery of silymarin through lymphatic transport pathway. Int J Pharm, 485: 108-121.
Chaudhary S, Garg T, Rath G, Murthy RR and Goyal AK (2015). Enhancing the bioavailability of mebendazole by integrating the principles solid dispersion and nanocrystal techniques, for safe and effective management of human echinococcosis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 1-6
Sowmya C, Lavakumar V, Venkateshan N, Anitha P and Senthilnathan B (2018). Current trends in treatment and management of psoriasis: an updated review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 9(3): 6-16.
Coaker H. (2012). Improved drug-delivery nanoparticles penetrate brain. Future Med Chem, 4: 2135.
Colombo GL, Di Matteo S, Bruno G, Girolomoni G and Vena GA (2012). Calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of mild to- moderate psoriasis: a cost-effectiveness analysis of the ointment versus gel formulation. Clinicoecon Outcomes, 4: 261-268.
Goyal G, Garg T, Malik B, Chauhan G, Rath G and Goyal AK (2015). Development and characterization of niosomal gel for topical delivery of benzoyl peroxide. Drug Deliv. 22(8): 1027-1042.
Gras R, Relloso M, Garcia MI, de la Mata FJ, Gomez R and Lopez-Fernandez LA (2012). The inhibition of Th17 immune response in vitro and in vivo by the carbosilane dendrimer 2G-NN16. Biomaterials 33: 4002-4009.
Jadhav KR, Shaikh IM, Ambade KW and Kadam VJ. (2006). Applications of microemulsion based drug delivery system. Curr Drug Deliv, 3: 267-273.
Kataria K, Sharma A, Garg T, Goyal AK and Rath G (2014). Novel Technology to Improve Drug Loading in Polymeric Nanofibers. Drug Delivery Lett, 4: 79-86.
Kaur A, Katiyar SS, Kushwah V and Jain S (2017). Nanoemulsion loaded gel for topical codelivery of clobitasol propionate and calcipotriol in psoriasis. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 13: 1473-1482.
Kaur M, Garg T and Narang RK (2014). A review of emerging trends in the treatment of tuberculosis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 1-7.
Kaur R, Garg T, DAS Gupta U., Gupta P, Rath G and Goyal AK. (2014). Preparation and characterization of spray-dried inhalable powders containing nanoaggregates for pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 1-6.
Kaur R, Garg T, Malik B, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Rath G and Goyal AK (2014). Development and characterization of spray-dried porous nanoaggregates for pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs. Drug Delivery, 23(3): 882-887.
Kaur V, Garg T, Rath G and Goyal AK. 2014k. Therapeutic potential of nanocarrier for overcoming to P-glycoprotein. J Drug Target, 1-12.
Kesharwani P, Jain K and Jain NK (2014). Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery. Prog Polym Sci 39: 268-307.
Kim WB, Jerome D and Yeung J (2017). Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician, 63(4): 278-285.
Knudsen NO, Ronholt S, Salte RD, Jorgensen L, Thormann T, Basse LH, Hansen J, Frokjaer S and Foged C (2012). Calcipotriol delivery into the skin with PEGylated liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 81: 532-539.
Kumar A, Garg T, Sarma GS, Rath G and Goyal AK (2015). Optimization of combinational intranasal drug delivery system for the management of migraine by using statistical design. Eur J Pharm Sci, 70C: 140-151.
Kumar B and Sahoo P.K (2017). A study on an autoimmune disease-PSORIASIS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(3): 1-5.
Lakshmi PK, Devi GS, Bhaskaran S and Sacchidanand S (2007). Niosomal methotrexate gel in the treatment of localized psoriasis: Phase I and phase II studies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 73:157-61.
Levine D and Gottlieb A (2009). Evaluation and management of psoriasis: an internist’s guide. Med Clin North Am, 93(6): 1291-303.
Liakos IL, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM, Florin I, D’Autilia F and Carzino R (2016). Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 9.
Lin LL, Grice JE, Butler MK, Zvyagin AV, Becker W and Robertson TA (2011). Time-correlated single photon counting for simultaneous monitoring of zinc oxide nanoparticles and NAD(P)H in intact and barrier-disrupted volunteer skin. Pharm Res, 28: 2920-2930.
Malik R, Garg T, Goyal AK and Rath G. (2014). Polymeric nanofibers: targeted gastro-retentive drug delivery systems. J Drug Target, 23: 109-124.
Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB and Graves SM (2007). Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter 19: 079001.
Mignani S, El Kazzouli S, Bousmina M and Majoral JP (2013). Expand classical drug administration ways by emerging routes using dendrimer drug delivery systems: a concise overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65: 1316-1330.
Miroddi M, Navarra M, Calapai F, Mancari F, Giofre SV, Gangemi S and Calapai G. (2015). Review of Clinical Pharmacology of Aloe vera L. in the Treatment of Psoriasis. Phytother, 29(5): 648-55.
Muller RH, Radtke M and Wissing SA (2002). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54: S131-55.
Nam YS, Kim JW, Park J, Shim J, Lee JS and Han SH (2012). Tocopheryl acetate nanoemulsions stabilized with lipid-polymer hybrid emulsifiers for effective skin delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 94: 51–57.
Nestle FO, Kaplan DH and Barker J (2009). Psoriasis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(5): 496-509.
Park KK, Kamangar F, Heller M, Lee E, Bhutani T, Busse K, Patel T and Koo J (2013). Instant barrier repair: A pilot study investigating occlusion with a new hydrogel patch for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J dermalog treat 24(2): 119-121.
Pegoraro NS, Mattiazzi J, da Silveira EF, Azambuja JH, Braganhol E and Cruz J (2017). Improved photostability and cytotoxic effect of coenzyme Q10 by its association with vitamin E acetate in polymeric nanocapsules. Pharm Dev Technol 1-7.
Pradhan M, Singh D, Murthy SN and Singh MR (2015). Design, characterization and skin permeating potential of Fluocinolone acetonide loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical treatment of psoriasis. Steroids 101: 56-63.
Pradhan M, Singh D and Singh MR (2015). Development characterization and skin permeating potential of lipid based novel delivery system for topical treatment of psoriasis. Chem Phys Lipids 186: 9-16.
Ramezanli T, Kilfoyle BE, Zhang Z and Michniak-Kohn BB (2017). Polymeric nanospheres for topical delivery of vitamin D3. Int J Pharm 516: 196-203.
Rawat M, Singh D and Saraf S, (2006). Nanocarriers: promising vehicle for bioactive drugs. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 29: 1790-1798.
Sarker DK (2005). Engineering of nano emulsions for drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv, 2: 297-310.
Schreier H and Bouwstra J (1994). Liposomes and niosomes as topical drug carriers: Dermal and transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release, 30: 1-15.
Sheihet L, Chandra P, Batheja P, Devore D, Kohn J and Michniak B (2008). Tyrosine-derived nanospheres for enhanced topical skin penetration. Int J Pharm 350(1-2): 312-319.
Singh D, Pradhan M, Nag M and Singh M.R (2015). Vesicular system: versatile carrier for transdermal delivery of bioactives. Artif. Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 43: 282-290.
Sonawane R, Harde H, Katariya M, Agrawal S and Jain S (2014). Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded topical gel containing combination drugs: an approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11: 1833-1847.
Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR and Rudzinski WE (2001). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. J Controlled Release, 70: 1-20.
Srisuk P, Thongnopnua P, Raktanonchai U and Kanokpanont S. (2012). Physico-chemical characteristics of methotrexate-entrapped oleic acid-containing deformable liposomes for in vitro transepidermal delivery targeting psoriasis treatment. Int J Pharm, 427: 426-434.
Tarun G, Onkar S, Saahil A and Rsr M (2011). Patented micro-encapsulation techniques and its applications. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4: 2097-2102.
Teixeira Z, Zanchetta B, Melo BA, Oliveira LL, Santana MH and ParedesGamero EJ Retinyl (2010). Palmitate flexible polymeric nanocapsules: characterization and permeation studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 81: 374-380.
Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B and Eliaz M (2000). Ethosomes - novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Release, 65(3): 403-18.
Xiong H, Xu Y, Tan G, Han Y, Tang Z and Xu W (2015). Glycyrrhizin Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions in BALB/c Mice and Inhibits TNF-alpha-Induced ICAM-1 Expression via NF-kappaB/MAPK in HaCaT Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem, 35: 1335-1346.
Yukuyama MN, Ghisleni DD, Pinto TJ and Bou-Chacra NA (2016). Nanoemulsion: process selection and application in cosmetics–a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 38: 13-24.
Ali MF, Salah M, Rafea M and Saleh N. (2008). Liposomal methotrexate hydrogel for treatment of localized psoriasis: preparation, characterization and laser targeting. Med Sci Monit, 14: 66-74
Almaghrabi MA (2017). Preparation and Characterization of Acitretin Loaded Niosomes for Psoriasis Treatment. Mississippi: Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery. School of pharmacy, University of Mississippi.
Ashwin B. Kuchekar, Rohini R. Pujari and Shantanu B. Kuchekar (2011). Psoriasis: A comprehensive review. International Journal of pharmacy & life sciences, 2(6): 857-77.
Avasatthi V, Pawar H, Dora CP, Bansod P, Gill MS and Suresh S (2016). A novel nanogel formulation of methotrexate for topical treatment of psoriasis: optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 21: 554-562.
Barradas TN, Senna JP, Cardoso SA, Nicoli S, Padula C and Santi P (2017). Hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsions based on essential oils for topical delivery of psoralen: permeation and stability studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 116: 38-50.
Beber TC, de Andrade DF, Chaves Pdos S, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS and Beck RC (2016). Cationic polymeric nanocapsules as a strategy to target dexamethasone to viable epidermis: skin penetration and permeation studies. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 16: 1331-1338.
Bhandari K.H, Lee D.X, Newa M, Yoon S.I, Kim J.S and Kim D.D (2008). Evaluation of skin permeation and accumulation profiles of a highly lipophilic fatty ester. Arch. Pharm. Res. 31: 242-249.
Bouwstra J.A, Honeywell-Nguyen P.L, Gooris G.S and Ponec M (2003). Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations. Prog. Lipid Res, 42: 1-36.
Chandra A, Joshi K and Aggarwal G (2018). Topical Nano Drug Delivery for Treatment of Psoriasis: Progressive and Novel Delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics 12(3): 35-48.
Chaudhary S, Garg T, Murthy R, Rath G and Goyal AK. (2015). Development, optimization and evaluation of long chain nanolipid carrier for hepatic delivery of silymarin through lymphatic transport pathway. Int J Pharm, 485: 108-121.
Chaudhary S, Garg T, Rath G, Murthy RR and Goyal AK (2015). Enhancing the bioavailability of mebendazole by integrating the principles solid dispersion and nanocrystal techniques, for safe and effective management of human echinococcosis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 1-6
Sowmya C, Lavakumar V, Venkateshan N, Anitha P and Senthilnathan B (2018). Current trends in treatment and management of psoriasis: an updated review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 9(3): 6-16.
Coaker H. (2012). Improved drug-delivery nanoparticles penetrate brain. Future Med Chem, 4: 2135.
Colombo GL, Di Matteo S, Bruno G, Girolomoni G and Vena GA (2012). Calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of mild to- moderate psoriasis: a cost-effectiveness analysis of the ointment versus gel formulation. Clinicoecon Outcomes, 4: 261-268.
Goyal G, Garg T, Malik B, Chauhan G, Rath G and Goyal AK (2015). Development and characterization of niosomal gel for topical delivery of benzoyl peroxide. Drug Deliv. 22(8): 1027-1042.
Gras R, Relloso M, Garcia MI, de la Mata FJ, Gomez R and Lopez-Fernandez LA (2012). The inhibition of Th17 immune response in vitro and in vivo by the carbosilane dendrimer 2G-NN16. Biomaterials 33: 4002-4009.
Jadhav KR, Shaikh IM, Ambade KW and Kadam VJ. (2006). Applications of microemulsion based drug delivery system. Curr Drug Deliv, 3: 267-273.
Kataria K, Sharma A, Garg T, Goyal AK and Rath G (2014). Novel Technology to Improve Drug Loading in Polymeric Nanofibers. Drug Delivery Lett, 4: 79-86.
Kaur A, Katiyar SS, Kushwah V and Jain S (2017). Nanoemulsion loaded gel for topical codelivery of clobitasol propionate and calcipotriol in psoriasis. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 13: 1473-1482.
Kaur M, Garg T and Narang RK (2014). A review of emerging trends in the treatment of tuberculosis. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 1-7.
Kaur R, Garg T, DAS Gupta U., Gupta P, Rath G and Goyal AK. (2014). Preparation and characterization of spray-dried inhalable powders containing nanoaggregates for pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 1-6.
Kaur R, Garg T, Malik B, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Rath G and Goyal AK (2014). Development and characterization of spray-dried porous nanoaggregates for pulmonary delivery of anti-tubercular drugs. Drug Delivery, 23(3): 882-887.
Kaur V, Garg T, Rath G and Goyal AK. 2014k. Therapeutic potential of nanocarrier for overcoming to P-glycoprotein. J Drug Target, 1-12.
Kesharwani P, Jain K and Jain NK (2014). Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery. Prog Polym Sci 39: 268-307.
Kim WB, Jerome D and Yeung J (2017). Diagnosis and management of psoriasis. Can Fam Physician, 63(4): 278-285.
Knudsen NO, Ronholt S, Salte RD, Jorgensen L, Thormann T, Basse LH, Hansen J, Frokjaer S and Foged C (2012). Calcipotriol delivery into the skin with PEGylated liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 81: 532-539.
Kumar A, Garg T, Sarma GS, Rath G and Goyal AK (2015). Optimization of combinational intranasal drug delivery system for the management of migraine by using statistical design. Eur J Pharm Sci, 70C: 140-151.
Kumar B and Sahoo P.K (2017). A study on an autoimmune disease-PSORIASIS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(3): 1-5.
Lakshmi PK, Devi GS, Bhaskaran S and Sacchidanand S (2007). Niosomal methotrexate gel in the treatment of localized psoriasis: Phase I and phase II studies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 73:157-61.
Levine D and Gottlieb A (2009). Evaluation and management of psoriasis: an internist’s guide. Med Clin North Am, 93(6): 1291-303.
Liakos IL, Grumezescu AM, Holban AM, Florin I, D’Autilia F and Carzino R (2016). Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 9.
Lin LL, Grice JE, Butler MK, Zvyagin AV, Becker W and Robertson TA (2011). Time-correlated single photon counting for simultaneous monitoring of zinc oxide nanoparticles and NAD(P)H in intact and barrier-disrupted volunteer skin. Pharm Res, 28: 2920-2930.
Malik R, Garg T, Goyal AK and Rath G. (2014). Polymeric nanofibers: targeted gastro-retentive drug delivery systems. J Drug Target, 23: 109-124.
Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB and Graves SM (2007). Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter 19: 079001.
Mignani S, El Kazzouli S, Bousmina M and Majoral JP (2013). Expand classical drug administration ways by emerging routes using dendrimer drug delivery systems: a concise overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65: 1316-1330.
Miroddi M, Navarra M, Calapai F, Mancari F, Giofre SV, Gangemi S and Calapai G. (2015). Review of Clinical Pharmacology of Aloe vera L. in the Treatment of Psoriasis. Phytother, 29(5): 648-55.
Muller RH, Radtke M and Wissing SA (2002). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54: S131-55.
Nam YS, Kim JW, Park J, Shim J, Lee JS and Han SH (2012). Tocopheryl acetate nanoemulsions stabilized with lipid-polymer hybrid emulsifiers for effective skin delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 94: 51–57.
Nestle FO, Kaplan DH and Barker J (2009). Psoriasis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(5): 496-509.
Park KK, Kamangar F, Heller M, Lee E, Bhutani T, Busse K, Patel T and Koo J (2013). Instant barrier repair: A pilot study investigating occlusion with a new hydrogel patch for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J dermalog treat 24(2): 119-121.
Pegoraro NS, Mattiazzi J, da Silveira EF, Azambuja JH, Braganhol E and Cruz J (2017). Improved photostability and cytotoxic effect of coenzyme Q10 by its association with vitamin E acetate in polymeric nanocapsules. Pharm Dev Technol 1-7.
Pradhan M, Singh D, Murthy SN and Singh MR (2015). Design, characterization and skin permeating potential of Fluocinolone acetonide loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical treatment of psoriasis. Steroids 101: 56-63.
Pradhan M, Singh D and Singh MR (2015). Development characterization and skin permeating potential of lipid based novel delivery system for topical treatment of psoriasis. Chem Phys Lipids 186: 9-16.
Ramezanli T, Kilfoyle BE, Zhang Z and Michniak-Kohn BB (2017). Polymeric nanospheres for topical delivery of vitamin D3. Int J Pharm 516: 196-203.
Rawat M, Singh D and Saraf S, (2006). Nanocarriers: promising vehicle for bioactive drugs. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 29: 1790-1798.
Sarker DK (2005). Engineering of nano emulsions for drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv, 2: 297-310.
Schreier H and Bouwstra J (1994). Liposomes and niosomes as topical drug carriers: Dermal and transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release, 30: 1-15.
Sheihet L, Chandra P, Batheja P, Devore D, Kohn J and Michniak B (2008). Tyrosine-derived nanospheres for enhanced topical skin penetration. Int J Pharm 350(1-2): 312-319.
Singh D, Pradhan M, Nag M and Singh M.R (2015). Vesicular system: versatile carrier for transdermal delivery of bioactives. Artif. Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 43: 282-290.
Sonawane R, Harde H, Katariya M, Agrawal S and Jain S (2014). Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded topical gel containing combination drugs: an approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11: 1833-1847.
Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR and Rudzinski WE (2001). Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery devices. J Controlled Release, 70: 1-20.
Srisuk P, Thongnopnua P, Raktanonchai U and Kanokpanont S. (2012). Physico-chemical characteristics of methotrexate-entrapped oleic acid-containing deformable liposomes for in vitro transepidermal delivery targeting psoriasis treatment. Int J Pharm, 427: 426-434.
Tarun G, Onkar S, Saahil A and Rsr M (2011). Patented micro-encapsulation techniques and its applications. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4: 2097-2102.
Teixeira Z, Zanchetta B, Melo BA, Oliveira LL, Santana MH and ParedesGamero EJ Retinyl (2010). Palmitate flexible polymeric nanocapsules: characterization and permeation studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 81: 374-380.
Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B and Eliaz M (2000). Ethosomes - novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Release, 65(3): 403-18.
Xiong H, Xu Y, Tan G, Han Y, Tang Z and Xu W (2015). Glycyrrhizin Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions in BALB/c Mice and Inhibits TNF-alpha-Induced ICAM-1 Expression via NF-kappaB/MAPK in HaCaT Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem, 35: 1335-1346.
Yukuyama MN, Ghisleni DD, Pinto TJ and Bou-Chacra NA (2016). Nanoemulsion: process selection and application in cosmetics–a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 38: 13-24.
