Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.2.2Abstract
This article describes a broader view on various therapies for the management of Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD). Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) come under the umbrella of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Prevalence and the incidence of both of the disorders is increasing at an alarming rate per day (396 cases per 100,000 persons per year). The pathophysiology of this inflammatory intestinal disease is still vague. However, environment and genetic variations are the possible causes of the same. IBD Management is perplexing and a great challenge on account of its diverse heterogeneous symptoms, characteristics overlying with other inflammatory disorders, and unclear etiology. The intervention should focus on both the induction and maintenance for the symptomatic relief as well the remission of the disease. For several past years conventional medicines having various adverse effects with high probability of remission are being used. Therefore, patients suffering from with these chronic diseases tend to seek different therapies and management techniques apart from the conventional management. Herbal therapies, surgical procedures, medical techniques like, apheresis are some of them.
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Keywords:
Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Apheresis
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Published
2020-03-31
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1.
Shrivastav NK, Bajwan R, Chauhan MK. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Scopus Indexed [Internet]. 2020 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Nov. 19];13(2):4808-14. Available from: https://ijpsnonline.com/index.php/ijpsn/article/view/257
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Review Articles
References
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Ben-Arye E, Goldin E, Wengrower D, Stamper A, Kohn R and Berry E (2002). Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 37(4): 444-9.
Birrenbach T and Bocker U (2004). Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 10(6): 848-859.
Cheifetz AS (2013). Management of active Crohn disease. Jama 309(20): 2150-2158.
Cheifetz AS, Gianotti R, Luber R, and Gibson PR (2017). Complementary and alternative medicines used by patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 152(2): 415-429.
Connell WR, Kamm MA, Dickson M, Balkwill AM, Ritchie JK and Lennard-Jones JE (1994). Long term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 343: 1249-1252.
Emmrich J, Petermann S, Nowak D, Beutner I, Brock P, Klingel R, Mausfeld-Lafdhiya P, Liebe S and Ramlow W (2007). Leukocyta-pheresis in the management of chronic active ulcerative colitis. Results of a randomized pilot trial. Dig Dis Sci 52(9): 2044-53.
Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, Navarro E, Martínez-Salmerón JF, García-Pugés A, González-Huix F, Riera J, González-Lara V, Domínguez-Abascal F, Giné JJ, Moles J,
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Fukunaga K, Ohda Y, Hida N, Iimuro M, Yokoyama Y, Kamikozuru K, Nagase K, Nakamura S, Miwa H and Matsumoto T (2012). Placebo controlled evaluation of Xilei San, a herbal preparation in patients with intractable ulcerative proctitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27: 1808-1815.
Galvez J, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME and Zarzuelo A (2005). Effects of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 49(6): 601-608.
Gerhardt H, Seifert F, Buvari P, Vogelsang, H and Repges R (2001). Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract. Z Gastroenterol 39(1): 11-7.
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Halme L, Paavola-Sakki P, Turunen U, Lappalainen M, Farkkila M and Kontula K (2006). Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 12(23): 36-68.
Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Maruyama Y, Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Yamada M, Iwaoka Y, Kanke K, Hiraishi H, Hirayama K, Arai H, Yoshii S, Uchijima M, Nagata T and Koide Y (2006). Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4: 1502-1506.
Hanai H, Watanabe F, Yamada M, Sato Y, Takeuchi K, Iida T, Tozawa K, Tanaka T, Maruyama Y, Matsushita I, Iwaoka Y, Kikuch K and Saniabadi AR (2004). Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis versus prednisolone in patients with corticosteroid-dependent moderately severe ulcerative colitis. Digestion 70: 36-44.
Huber R, Ditfurth AV, Amann F, Huber R, Ditfurth AV, Amann F üthlin C, Rostock M, Trittler R, Kümmerer K and Merfort I (2007). Tormentil for active ulcerative colitis: an open-label, dose-escalating study. J Clin Gastro Enterol 41: 834-838.
Hulten L (1998). Proctocolectomy and ileostomy to pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. World J Surg 22: 335-341.
Imperiali G, Amato A, Terpin M, everina I, Bortoli A, Devani M and Vigano C (2017). Granulocyte-Monocyte Apheresis in Steroid-Dependent, Azathioprine-Intolerant/Resistant Moderate Ulcera-tive Colitis: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Gastroent Res and Pract 5:2017.
Kaliora AC, Stathopoulou MG, Triantafillidis JK, Dedoussis GV and Andrikopoulos NK (2007). Chios mastic treatment of patients with active Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 13: 748-753.
Kanauchi O and Agata K (1997). Protein and dietary fiber-rich new foodstuff from brewer's spent grain increased excretion of feces and jejunum mucosal protein content in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61: 29-33.
Katz S (2002). Update in medical therapy of ulcerative colitis: a practical approach. J Clin Gastroenterol 34: 397-407.
Kedia S and Ahuja V (2017). Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in India: The Great Shift East. Inflamm Intest Dis 2: 102-115.
Kostic AD, Xavier RJ and Gevers D (2014). The microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and the future ahead. Gastroenterology 146(6): 1489-1499.
Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JC, Kopylov U, Lahat A, Har-Noy O, Ching JY, Cheong PK, Avidan B, Gamus D, Kaimakliotis I, Eliakim R, Ng SC and Ben-Horin S (2015). Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(8): 1444-1449.
Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, Holt H, Tsironi E, De Silva A, Jewell DP and Rampton DS (2004). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19: 739-747.
Lennard L (1992). The clinical pharmacology of 6-mercaptopurine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43: 329-339.
Mahadevan U and Silverberg M (2018). Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 15(6):1555 -1558.
Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, Hornung CA and Galandiuk S (2006). Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 81(11):1462-1471.
Matsumoto T, Fujiyama Y and Okawa K (2005). Multicenter prospective open label study of leukocytapheresis to patients with intractable moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 128: A-582-3.
McLeod RS and Baxter NN (1998). Quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease after surgery. World J Surg 22: 375-381.
Muratov V, Mandic A, Elvin K, Ost A, Furaya K, Shizume Y and Lundahl J (2010). A modified filter-type device (Cellsorba EX Global type) for leukocytapheresis using ACD-A as anticoagulant in patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. LL-37 is generated during apheresis session. Transfus Apher Sci 43: S19.
Nessar G and Wu J S (2012). Evolution of continent ileostomy. World J of Gastroenterology 18: 3479-3482.
Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, Underwood FE, Tang W, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY and Kaplan GG (2017). Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 390: 10114: 2769-2778.
Pastore R L, Wolff B G and Hodge D (1997). Total abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 40:1455-1464.
Petitjean O, Wendling J L, Tod M, Louchahi K, Nicolas P, Perret G and Astier A (1992). Pharmacokinetics and absolute rectal bioavailability of hydrocortisone acetate in distal colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 6: 351-357.
Prin M, Guglielminotti J, Mtalimanja O, Li G and Charles A (2018). Emergency-to-Elective Surgery Ratio: A Global Indicator of Access to Surgical Care. World J Surg 42: 1971.
Sakata H, Kawamura N, Horie T, Ohizumi H, Tamaki T, Kukita K, Meguro J, Yonekawa M, Saitoh M and Kawamura A (2003). Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis with leukocytapheresis using non-woven polyester filter. Ther Apher Dial 7: 536-539.
Sakuraba A, Naganuma M, Hibi T and Ishii H (2003). Intensive therapy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis induces rapid remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 124: A-522.
Sandborn W J (1994). Pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: Definition, pathogenesis, and treatment. Gastro-neterology 197: 1858-1860.
Sandborn WJ, Targan SR, Byers VS, Rutty DA, Mu H, Zhang X and Tang T (2013). Andrographis paniculata extract (HMPL-004) for active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 108: 90-98.
Sands BE (2001). Biological therapies for ulcerative colitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 64: 205-209.
Sands BE, Sandborn W J, Wolf DC, Katz S, Safdi M, Schwartz DA and Hanauer SB (2006). Pilot Feasibility Studies of Leukocytapheresis with the Adacolumn Apheresis System in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn Disease. J clin gastroenterol 40: 482-9.
Sands BE, Sandborn W J, Feagan B, Löfberg R, Hibi T, Wang T, Gustofson LM, Wong CJ, Vandervoort MK and Hanauer S (2008). A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of granulocyte/monocyte apheresis for active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 135(2): 400-409.
Saniabadi A, Hanai H, Takeuchi K, Umemura K, Nakashima M, Adachi T, Shima C, Bjarnason I and Lofberg R (2012). Adacolumn, an adsorptive carrier based granulocyte and monocyte apheresis device for the treatment of inflammatory and refractory diseases associated with leucocytes. J Clin Apher 20: 171-184.
Sawada K, Muto T, Shimoyama T, Satomi M, Sawada T, Nagawa H, Hiwatashi N, Asakura H and Hibi T (2003). Multicenter randomized controlled trial for the treatment of ulcerative colitis with a leukocytapheresis column. Curr Pharm Des 9: 307-321.
Shibata H, Kuriyama T and Yamawaki N (2003). Cellsorba. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 7: 44-47.
Sigurbjörnsson FT and Bjarnason I (2008). Leukocytapheresis for the treatment of IBD. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(9): 509-16.
Sugimoto K, Hanai H, Tozawa K, Aoshi T, Uchijima M, Nagata T and Koide Y (2002). Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 123(6): 1912-1922.
Yamamoto T, Umegae S, Kitagawa T, Yasuda Y, Yamada Y, Takahashi D, Mukumoto M, Nishimura N, Yasue K and Matsumoto K (2004). Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a prospective pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20: 783-792.
Yanai H, Salomon N and Lahat A (2016). Complementary therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 18(12): 62.
Yang H, McElree C, Roth M, Shanahan F, Targan S and Rotter J (1993). Familial empirical risks for inflammatory bowel disease: differences between Jews and non-Jews. Gut 34(4): 517-524.
Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG, Higuchi LM, de Silva P, Korzenik JR, Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Richter JM and Chan AT (2013). A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 145(5): 970-977.
Ben-Arye E, Goldin E, Wengrower D, Stamper A, Kohn R and Berry E (2002). Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 37(4): 444-9.
Birrenbach T and Bocker U (2004). Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 10(6): 848-859.
Cheifetz AS (2013). Management of active Crohn disease. Jama 309(20): 2150-2158.
Cheifetz AS, Gianotti R, Luber R, and Gibson PR (2017). Complementary and alternative medicines used by patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 152(2): 415-429.
Connell WR, Kamm MA, Dickson M, Balkwill AM, Ritchie JK and Lennard-Jones JE (1994). Long term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 343: 1249-1252.
Emmrich J, Petermann S, Nowak D, Beutner I, Brock P, Klingel R, Mausfeld-Lafdhiya P, Liebe S and Ramlow W (2007). Leukocyta-pheresis in the management of chronic active ulcerative colitis. Results of a randomized pilot trial. Dig Dis Sci 52(9): 2044-53.
Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, Navarro E, Martínez-Salmerón JF, García-Pugés A, González-Huix F, Riera J, González-Lara V, Domínguez-Abascal F, Giné JJ, Moles J,
Gomollón F and Gassull MA (1999). Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 94: 427-433.
Fukunaga K, Ohda Y, Hida N, Iimuro M, Yokoyama Y, Kamikozuru K, Nagase K, Nakamura S, Miwa H and Matsumoto T (2012). Placebo controlled evaluation of Xilei San, a herbal preparation in patients with intractable ulcerative proctitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27: 1808-1815.
Galvez J, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME and Zarzuelo A (2005). Effects of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 49(6): 601-608.
Gerhardt H, Seifert F, Buvari P, Vogelsang, H and Repges R (2001). Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract. Z Gastroenterol 39(1): 11-7.
Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Vazquez-Baeza Y, Van Treuren W, Ren B, Schwager E, Knights D, Song SJ, Yassour M, Morgan XC, Kostic AD, Luo C, González A, McDonald D, Haberman Y, Walters T, Baker S, Rosh J, Stephens M, Heyman M, Markowitz J, Baldassano R, Griffiths A, Sylvester F, Mack D, Kim S, Crandall W, Hyams J, Huttenhower C, Knight R and Xavier RJ (2014). The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn’s disease. Cell Host Microbe 15(3): 382-392.
Halme L, Paavola-Sakki P, Turunen U, Lappalainen M, Farkkila M and Kontula K (2006). Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 12(23): 36-68.
Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Maruyama Y, Andoh A, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Yamada M, Iwaoka Y, Kanke K, Hiraishi H, Hirayama K, Arai H, Yoshii S, Uchijima M, Nagata T and Koide Y (2006). Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4: 1502-1506.
Hanai H, Watanabe F, Yamada M, Sato Y, Takeuchi K, Iida T, Tozawa K, Tanaka T, Maruyama Y, Matsushita I, Iwaoka Y, Kikuch K and Saniabadi AR (2004). Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis versus prednisolone in patients with corticosteroid-dependent moderately severe ulcerative colitis. Digestion 70: 36-44.
Huber R, Ditfurth AV, Amann F, Huber R, Ditfurth AV, Amann F üthlin C, Rostock M, Trittler R, Kümmerer K and Merfort I (2007). Tormentil for active ulcerative colitis: an open-label, dose-escalating study. J Clin Gastro Enterol 41: 834-838.
Hulten L (1998). Proctocolectomy and ileostomy to pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. World J Surg 22: 335-341.
Imperiali G, Amato A, Terpin M, everina I, Bortoli A, Devani M and Vigano C (2017). Granulocyte-Monocyte Apheresis in Steroid-Dependent, Azathioprine-Intolerant/Resistant Moderate Ulcera-tive Colitis: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Gastroent Res and Pract 5:2017.
Kaliora AC, Stathopoulou MG, Triantafillidis JK, Dedoussis GV and Andrikopoulos NK (2007). Chios mastic treatment of patients with active Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 13: 748-753.
Kanauchi O and Agata K (1997). Protein and dietary fiber-rich new foodstuff from brewer's spent grain increased excretion of feces and jejunum mucosal protein content in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61: 29-33.
Katz S (2002). Update in medical therapy of ulcerative colitis: a practical approach. J Clin Gastroenterol 34: 397-407.
Kedia S and Ahuja V (2017). Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in India: The Great Shift East. Inflamm Intest Dis 2: 102-115.
Kostic AD, Xavier RJ and Gevers D (2014). The microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: current status and the future ahead. Gastroenterology 146(6): 1489-1499.
Lang A, Salomon N, Wu JC, Kopylov U, Lahat A, Har-Noy O, Ching JY, Cheong PK, Avidan B, Gamus D, Kaimakliotis I, Eliakim R, Ng SC and Ben-Horin S (2015). Curcumin in combination with mesalamine induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(8): 1444-1449.
Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, Holt H, Tsironi E, De Silva A, Jewell DP and Rampton DS (2004). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19: 739-747.
Lennard L (1992). The clinical pharmacology of 6-mercaptopurine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43: 329-339.
Mahadevan U and Silverberg M (2018). Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 15(6):1555 -1558.
Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, Hornung CA and Galandiuk S (2006). Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 81(11):1462-1471.
Matsumoto T, Fujiyama Y and Okawa K (2005). Multicenter prospective open label study of leukocytapheresis to patients with intractable moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 128: A-582-3.
McLeod RS and Baxter NN (1998). Quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease after surgery. World J Surg 22: 375-381.
Muratov V, Mandic A, Elvin K, Ost A, Furaya K, Shizume Y and Lundahl J (2010). A modified filter-type device (Cellsorba EX Global type) for leukocytapheresis using ACD-A as anticoagulant in patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. LL-37 is generated during apheresis session. Transfus Apher Sci 43: S19.
Nessar G and Wu J S (2012). Evolution of continent ileostomy. World J of Gastroenterology 18: 3479-3482.
Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, Underwood FE, Tang W, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY and Kaplan GG (2017). Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 390: 10114: 2769-2778.
Pastore R L, Wolff B G and Hodge D (1997). Total abdominal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum 40:1455-1464.
Petitjean O, Wendling J L, Tod M, Louchahi K, Nicolas P, Perret G and Astier A (1992). Pharmacokinetics and absolute rectal bioavailability of hydrocortisone acetate in distal colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 6: 351-357.
Prin M, Guglielminotti J, Mtalimanja O, Li G and Charles A (2018). Emergency-to-Elective Surgery Ratio: A Global Indicator of Access to Surgical Care. World J Surg 42: 1971.
Sakata H, Kawamura N, Horie T, Ohizumi H, Tamaki T, Kukita K, Meguro J, Yonekawa M, Saitoh M and Kawamura A (2003). Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis with leukocytapheresis using non-woven polyester filter. Ther Apher Dial 7: 536-539.
Sakuraba A, Naganuma M, Hibi T and Ishii H (2003). Intensive therapy of granulocyte and monocyte adsorption apheresis induces rapid remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 124: A-522.
Sandborn W J (1994). Pouchitis following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: Definition, pathogenesis, and treatment. Gastro-neterology 197: 1858-1860.
Sandborn WJ, Targan SR, Byers VS, Rutty DA, Mu H, Zhang X and Tang T (2013). Andrographis paniculata extract (HMPL-004) for active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 108: 90-98.
Sands BE (2001). Biological therapies for ulcerative colitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 64: 205-209.
Sands BE, Sandborn W J, Wolf DC, Katz S, Safdi M, Schwartz DA and Hanauer SB (2006). Pilot Feasibility Studies of Leukocytapheresis with the Adacolumn Apheresis System in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn Disease. J clin gastroenterol 40: 482-9.
Sands BE, Sandborn W J, Feagan B, Löfberg R, Hibi T, Wang T, Gustofson LM, Wong CJ, Vandervoort MK and Hanauer S (2008). A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of granulocyte/monocyte apheresis for active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 135(2): 400-409.
Saniabadi A, Hanai H, Takeuchi K, Umemura K, Nakashima M, Adachi T, Shima C, Bjarnason I and Lofberg R (2012). Adacolumn, an adsorptive carrier based granulocyte and monocyte apheresis device for the treatment of inflammatory and refractory diseases associated with leucocytes. J Clin Apher 20: 171-184.
Sawada K, Muto T, Shimoyama T, Satomi M, Sawada T, Nagawa H, Hiwatashi N, Asakura H and Hibi T (2003). Multicenter randomized controlled trial for the treatment of ulcerative colitis with a leukocytapheresis column. Curr Pharm Des 9: 307-321.
Shibata H, Kuriyama T and Yamawaki N (2003). Cellsorba. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 7: 44-47.
Sigurbjörnsson FT and Bjarnason I (2008). Leukocytapheresis for the treatment of IBD. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(9): 509-16.
Sugimoto K, Hanai H, Tozawa K, Aoshi T, Uchijima M, Nagata T and Koide Y (2002). Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 123(6): 1912-1922.
Yamamoto T, Umegae S, Kitagawa T, Yasuda Y, Yamada Y, Takahashi D, Mukumoto M, Nishimura N, Yasue K and Matsumoto K (2004). Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a prospective pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20: 783-792.
Yanai H, Salomon N and Lahat A (2016). Complementary therapies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 18(12): 62.
Yang H, McElree C, Roth M, Shanahan F, Targan S and Rotter J (1993). Familial empirical risks for inflammatory bowel disease: differences between Jews and non-Jews. Gut 34(4): 517-524.
