Endocrine and Therapeutic Basis of Diabetes Mellitus Therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.12.2.2Abstract
This review article describes the role of hormones, microvascular complications, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and precautions of diabetes therapy. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects ability to use the energy found in food. According to World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated 422 million adults are suffered with DM up to latest 2016 data. It occurs throughout the world but is more common in the more developed countries. Increase in prevalence is occurring in low- and middle-income countries including in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030. The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. We summarized the published scientific data and new development in the field of diabetes with a search of PubMed, Google scholar, med know and other online resources. Various hormones play an important role in which insulin has a more importance in DM. Pharmacological treatment included various side effects while herbal drugs are found to be safe. Diet and exercise are the excellent key points to cure the disease. Avoid high sugar diet and various foods whose sugar levels are high should be avoided at the age 40. Overall, better knowledge, balanced life style, and daily exercise are the excellent treatment of diabetes and effective glucose control.
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Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Insulin, Hyperglycemia, Glucose, Herbal treatment
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Published
2019-03-31
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1.
Kulshreshtha M, Srivastava P, Panjwani D. Endocrine and Therapeutic Basis of Diabetes Mellitus Therapy. Scopus Indexed [Internet]. 2019 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Nov. 22];12(2):4441-52. Available from: https://ijpsnonline.com/index.php/ijpsn/article/view/290
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References
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Dewanjee S, Das AK, Sahu R and Gangopadhyay M (2009). Anti-diabetic activity of Diospyros peregrina fruit: effect on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and augmented oxidative stress in experimental type 2 diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol 47: 2679-85.
Ding Z, Lu Y, Lu Z, Lv F, Wang Y and Bie X (2010). Hypoglycaemic effect of comatin, an anti-diabetic substance separated from Coprinus comatus broth, on alloxan-induced-diabetic rats. Food Chemistry 121: 39-43.
Eidi A, Eidi M and Esmaeili E (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 13: 624-9.
Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, Saloranta C, Widen E and Schalin C (1989). Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 321: 337-43.
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Frode TS and Medeiros YS (2008). Animal models to test drugs with potential anti-diabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 115: 173-83.
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Fuller JH, Stevens LK and Wang SL (2001). Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity: The WHO mutinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia 44: S54-64.
Garofano A, Czernichow P and Breant B (1997). In utero undernutrition impairs rat beta-cell development. Diabetologia 40: 1231-4.
Gerich JE and Van Haeften T (1998). Insulin resistance versus impaired insulin secretion as the genetic basis for type II diabetes. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 5: 144-8.
Getty L, Hamilton WM, Ader M, Dea MK and Bergman RN (1999). Biphasic insulin secretion during intravenous glucose tolerance test promotes optimal interstitial insulin profile. Diabetes 47: 1941-7.
Gosmanov AR, Gosmanova EO and Kitabchi AE (2015). Hyperglycemic Crises: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), And Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) [Updated 2015 May 19]. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK279052/
Grant SF, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdotti, I, Benediktsonn R, Manolesu R and Sainz J (2006). Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 38: 320-3.
Gross JL, Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML and Zelmanovitz T (2005). Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care 28: 164-176.
Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K and Laakso M (1998). Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339: 229-234.
Hales CN, Barker DJP, Clark PMS, Cox LJ, Fall C and Osmond C (1991). Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ 303: 1019-22.
Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA and Knuiman MW (1992). Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4–7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 15: 815-819.
Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA and Knuiman MW (1992). Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4–7 years before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 15: 815-9.
Harsh M and Sungandha M (2012). Essential Pathology For Dental Students, 4th ed. New Delhi.
Hall EJ (2016). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th ed. Philadelphia.
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