Challenges of New Generation Liposomes – A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.2.3Abstract
This review describes the basic concepts of liposomes, their geometry, challenges of conventional liposomes and the new generation liposomes, which have been developed to overcome the problems associated with conventional liposomes. Liposomes are bilayered vesicles of phospholipids capable of enclosing both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug(s) due to its amphiphilic nature. Described by Bangham in 1961, these vesicles still are being explored by researchers. They offer many advantages from delivering the drug to the target location to being nontoxic in nature and providing treatment for cancer and tumour diseased conditions. Although conventional liposomes have been beneficial in many aspects, they possess challenges, which need to be addressed and thus, some modifications in conventional liposomes gave birth to new generation of liposomes including stealth liposomes, glycerosomes, enzymosomes, stimuli responsive lipsomes, pharmacosomes, targeted liposomes, transferosomes, ethosomes and many more. These liposomes have proved to be more versatile than the conventional liposomes and are widely used today for various disease conditions.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
Keywords:
Ethosomes, Enzymosomes, Glycerosomes, Liposomes, Pharmacosomes, Phospholipids, Tumour
Downloads
Published
2020-03-31
How to Cite
1.
Gupta P, Mazumder R, Padhi S. Challenges of New Generation Liposomes – A Review. Scopus Indexed [Internet]. 2020 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Nov. 19];13(2):4815-2. Available from: https://ijpsnonline.com/index.php/ijpsn/article/view/258
Issue
Section
Review Articles
References
Abdellatif MM, Khalil IA, and Khalil MAF (2017). Sertaconazole nitrate loaded nanovesicular systems for targeting skin fungal infection: in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 527(1-2): 1-11.
Allen TM and Cullis PR (2013). Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65(1): 36-48.
Allen TM, Hansen C, Martin F, Redemann C and Yau-Young A (1991). Liposomes containing synthetic lipid derivatives of poly (ethylene glycol) show prolonged circulation half-lives in vivo. Biochim Biophy Acta 1066(1): 29-36.
Attwood D and Saundees L (1965). A light-scattering study of ultrasonically irradiated lecithin sols. Biochim Biophys Acta 98(2): 344-350.
Bangale GS, Rajesh KS and Shinde GV (2014). Stealth Liposomes: A Novel Approach of Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Int J Pharm Sci Res 5: 750-759.
Bangham AD (1963). Physical structure and behaviour of lipids and lipid enzymes. Adv. Lipid Res 1: 65-104.
Bangham AD, Standish MM, and Watkins JC (1965). Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J Mol Biol 13(1): 238-252.
Bibi S, Lattmann E, Mohammed AR and Perrie Y (2012). Trigger release liposome systems: local and remote controlled delivery. J Microencapsul 29(3): 262-76.
Bragagni M, Mennini N, Maestrelli F, Cirri M and Mura P (2012). Comparative study of liposomes, transfersomes and ethosomes as carriers for improving topical delivery of celecoxib. Drug Deliv 19(7): 354-61.
Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N and Khan W (2017). Liposomal Formulations in Clinical Use: An Updated Review. Pharmaceutics 9(2): 1-33.
Cattel L (2004). From Conventional to Stealth Liposomes: a New Frontier in Cancer Chemotherapy. J Chemother 16(4): 94-97.
Chandel A, Patil V, Goyal R, Dhamija H and Parashar B (2012). Ethosomes: a novel approach towards transdermal drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences 1(9): 563-9.
Chonn A (1992). Association of Blood Proteins with Large Unilamellar Liposomes in vivo. J Biol Chem 267(26): 18759-18765.
Damen J, Regts J and Scherphof G (1981). Transfer and exchange of phospholipid between small unilamellar liposomes and rat plasma high density lipoproteins. Dependence on cholesterol content and phospholipid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta(BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 665(3): 538-545.
Dave V, Pareek A and Paliwal S (2012). Ethosome: a novel approach of transdermal drug delivery system. International Journal of Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical and Bio Sciences 2(4): 439- 452.
Deonarain MP and Epenetos AA (1994). Targeting enzymes for cancer therapy: old enzymes in new roles. Br J Cancer 70(5): 786-794.
Dvm MLM, Dvm DET et al. (2000). The role of liposomes in drug delivery and diagnostic imaging: a review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41(2): 100-107.
Elsayed MM, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF and Khalafallah NM (2007). Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm 332 (1-2): 1-16.
Forssena E and Willis M (1998). Ligand-targeted liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29(3): 249-271.
Fortin-Ripoche JP, Martina MS, Gazeau F, Menager C, Wilhelm C, Bacri JC, Lesieur S and Clement O (2006). Magnetic targeting of magnetoliposomes to solid tumors with MR imaging monitoring in mice: feasibility. Radiology 239(2): 415-24.
Frezard F (1999). Liposomes: from biophysics to the design of peptide vaccines. Braz J Med Biol Res 32(2): 181-189.
Funato K, Yoda R and Kiwada H (1992). Contribution of complement system on destabilization of liposomes composed of hydrogenated egg phosphatidylcholine in rat fresh plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1103(2): 198-204.
Gabizon A and Papahadjopoulos D (1988). Liposome formulations with prolonged circulation time in blood and enhanced uptake by tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 85(18): 6949-53.
Harashima H and Kiwada H (1996). Studies on the mechanism of uptake of liposomes using an isolated perfused liver system. J Liposome Res 6(1): 61-75.
Harashima H, Sakata K, Funato K and Kiwada H (1994). Enhanced hepatic uptake of liposomes through complement activation depending on the size of liposomes. Pharm Res 11(3): 402-406.
Hassan M, Hassan Z, Nilsson C, Rehim MA, Kumlien S, Elfsson B and Kallberg N (1998). Pharmacokinetics and distribution of liposomal busulfan in the rat: A new formulation for intravenous administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42(6): 471-8.
Huang L and Connor J (1985). Efficient cytoplasmic delivery of a fluorescent dye by pH-sensitive liposomes. J Cell Biol 101(2): 582-9.
Hundekar YR, Nanjwade BK, Mohamied AS and Idris NF (2015). Nanomedicine to Tumor by Enzymosomes. Journal of Nanotechnology: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2: 1-5.
Immordino ML, Dosio F and Cattel L (2006). Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. Int J Nanomedicine 1(3): 297-315.
Ishida T, Harashima H and Kiwada H (2002). Liposome Clearance. Biosci Rep 22(2): 197-224.
Israelachvili JN, Mitchell DJ and Ninham BW (1976). Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 2. 72(0): 1525-1568.
Jia-You F, Tsong-Long H and Yen-Ling H (2006). Liposomes as vehicles for enhancing drug delivery via skin routes. Curr Sci 2(1): 55-70.
Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK and Aggarwal D (2004). Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J Pharm 269(1): 1-14.
Kaushik AY (2011). Transferosome: The drug loaded ultradeformable vesicles for transdermal drug delivery. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2(11): 40-42.
Kiwada H, Matsuo H and Harashima H (1998). Identification of proteins mediating clearance of liposomes using a liver perfusion system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 32(1-2): 61-79.
Kneer W, Rother M, Mazgareanu S and Seidel EJ (2013). A 12-week randomized study of topical therapy with three dosages of ketoprofen in Transfersome® gel (IDEA-033) compared with the ketoprofen-free vehicle (TDT 064), in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Pain Res 6: 743-53.
Kumar GP and Rajeshwarrao P (2011). Nonionic surfactant vesicular systems for effective drug delivery—an overview. Acta Pharm Sin B 1(4): 208-219.
Kumar VV (1991). Complementary molecular shapes and additivity of the packing parameter of lipids. Pro Natl Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88(2): 444-448.
Laverman P (2001). Factors affecting the accelerated blood clearance of polyethylene glycol-liposomes upon repeated injection. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298(2): 996-1001.
Laverman P, Brouwers AH, Dams ETM, Oyen WJG, Storm G, Rooijen NV, Corsten Frans HM and Boerman OC (2000). Preclinical and clinical evidence for disappearance of long circulating characteristics of polyethylene glycol liposomes at low lipid dose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293(3): 996-1001.
Lemmich J, Mortensen K, Ipsen JH, Honger T, Bauer R and Mouritsen OG (1997). The effect of cholesterol in small amounts on lipid bilayer softness in the region of the main phase transition. Eur Biophys J 25(4): 293-304.
Lesieur S, Madelmont CG, Menager C, Cabuil V, Dadhi D. Pierrot P and Edwards K (2003). Evidence of Surfactant-Induced Formation of Transient Pores in Lipid Bilayers by Using Magnetic-Fluid-Loaded Liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 125: 5266-5267.
Liu D, Liu F and Song YK (1995). Recognition and clearance of liposomes containing phosphatidylserine are mediated by serum opsonin. Biochim Biophys Acta 12345(1): 140-146.
Sab M and Yadav V (2012). Liposomes: An Overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Science Innovation 1(1): 13-21.
Macfarlane MG and Knight BCJG (1941). The biochemistry of bacterial toxins. Biochem J 35(8-9): 884-902.
Mahato RI (2005). Water Insoluble and Soluble Lipids for gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57(5): 699-712.
Manca ML, Castangiaa I, Caddeo C, Pando D, Escribano E, Valentia D, Lampis Sandrina, Zaru Marco, Fadda AM and Manconi M (2014). Improvement of quercetin protective effect against oxidative stress skin damages by incorporation in nanovesicles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 123: 566-74.
Manca ML, Cencetti C, Matricardi P, Castangia I, Zaruc M, Sales OD, Nacher A, Valenti D, Maccioni AM, Fadda AM and Manconi M (2016). Glycerosomes: Use of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine mixture and its effect on vesicle features and diclofenac skin penetration. Int J Pharm 511(1): 198-204.
Manca ML, Peris JE and Melis V (2015). Nanoincorporation of curcumin in polymer-glycerosomes and evaluation of their in vitro-in vivo suitability as pulmonary delivery systems. RSC Adv 127: 1-28.
Manca ML, Zaru M, Manconi M, Lai F, Valenti D, Sinicoa C and Fadda AM (2013). Glycerosomes: A new tool for effective dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 455(1-2): 66-74.
Martina MS, Fortin JP, Fournier L, Menager C, Gazeau F, Clement O and Lesiuer S (2007). Magnetic targeting of rhodamine-labeled superparamagnetic liposomes to solid tumors: in vivo tracking by fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy. Mol Imaging 6(2): 140-6.
Martina MS, Fortin JP, Menager C, Clement O, Barratt G, Grabielle-Madelmont C, Gazeau F, Cabuil V and Lesieur S (2005). Generation of superparamagnetic liposomes revealed as highly efficient MRI contrast agents for in vivo imaging. J Am Chem Soc 127(30): 10676-85.
Maurer N, Fenske DB and Cullis PR (2001). Developments in liposomal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Biol The 1(6): 1-25.
Moghimi SM and Szebeni J (2003). Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog Lipid Res 42(6): 463-478.
Morand K, Bartoletti AC, Bochot A, Barratt G, Brandely ML and Chast F (2007). Liposomal amphotericin B eye drops to treat fungal keratitis: physico-chemical and formulation stability. Int J Pharm 344(1-2): 150-3.
Mufamadi MS (2011). A review on composite liposomal technologies for specialized drug delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery 2011: 1-19.
Mura S, Nicolas J and Couvreur P (2013). Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat Mat. 12(11): 991-1003.
Negi LM, Garg AK and Chauhan M (2009). Ultradeformable vesicles: concept and execution. Pharma Times 41(9): 11-4.
Nobs L, Buchegger F, Gurny R and Allemann E (2004). Current methods for attaching targeting ligands to liposomes and nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 93(8): 1980-1992.
Pandita A and Sharma P (2013). Pharmacosomes: An Emerging Novel Vesicular Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Synthetic and Herbal Drugs. ISRN Pharm 1-10.
Paszko E and Senge MO (2012). Immunoliposomes. Curr Med Chem 19(31): 5239-5277.
Plassat V, Martina MS, Barratt G, Menager C and Lesieur S (2007). Sterically stabilized superparamagnetic liposomes for MR imaging and cancer therapy: pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Int J Pharm 344 (1-2): 118-27.
Plassat V, Wilhelm C, Marsaud V, Menager C, Gazeau F, Renoir JM and Lesieur S (2011). Anti-Estrogen-Loaded Superparamagnetic Liposomes for Intracellular Magnetic Targeting and Treatment of Breast Cancer Tumors. Adv Funct Mater 21(1): 83-92.
Popovska O, Simonovska J, Kavrakovski Z and Rafajlovska V (2014). An overview: methods for preparation and characterization of liposomes as drug delivery systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and phytopharmacological Research 3(3): 182-189.
Puri A (2014). Phototriggerable liposomes: current research and future perspectives. Pharmaceutics 6(1): 1-25.
Rafe MDR and Ahmed Z (2017). Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems Have Opened a New Window in Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Literature-based Review. Asian J Pharm 11(4): 250-254.
Rani D, Singh C, Kumar A and Sharma VK (2016). Formulation Development and In-vitro Evaluation of Minoxidil Bearing Glycerosomes. American Journal of Biomedical Research 4(2): 27-37.
Ranson MR (2001). Caelyx (stealth liposomal doxorubicin) in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 37(2): 115-120.
Riviere C, Martina MS, Tomita Y, Wilhelm C, Dinh AT, Menager C, Pinard E, Lesieur S, Gazeau F and Seylaz J (2007). Magnetic Fluid–loaded Liposomes Targeted to Brain. Radiology 244: 439-448.
Romberg Birgit, Hennink WE and Storm G (2008). Sheddable Coatings for Long-Circulating Nanoparticles. Pharm Res 25(1): 55-71.
Shefrin, CS, Sreelaxmi S, Vijayan V and Nair S.C (2017). Enzymosomes: a rising effectual tool for targeted drug delivery system. Int J App Pharm 9(6): 1-9.
Salem HF, Kharshoum RM, Sayed OM and Hakim LFA (2018). Formulation Design and Optimization of Novel Soft Glycerosomes for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Celecoxib and Cupferron by Box-Behnken Statistical Design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 44 (11): 1871-84.
Samad A, Sultana Y and Aqil M (2007). Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems: An Update Review. Curr Drug Deliv 4(4): 297-305.
Sankar V, Ruckmani K, Jailani S, Siva GK and Sharavanan S (2009). Niosome drug delivery system: advances and medical applications—an overview. Pharmacol online 2: 926-32.
Saroj S, Baby DA and Sabitha M (2012). Current trends in lipid-based delivery systems and its applications in drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5(3): 4-9.
Savay S, Szebeni J, Baranyi L and Alving CR (2002). Potentiation of liposome-induced complement activation by surface-bound albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1559(1): 79-86.
Schroeder A, Kost J and Barenholz Y (2009). Ultrasound, liposomes, and drug delivery: principles for using ultrasound to control the release of drugs from liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 162(1-2): 1-16.
Seltzer SE (1989). The role of liposomes in diagnostic imaging. Radiology 171(1): 19-21.
Semalty A, Semalty M, Rawat BS and Rawat DS (2009). Pharmacosomes: the lipid-based new drug delivery system. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 6(6): 599-612.
Senior J and Gregoriadis G (1982). Is half-life of circulating liposomes determined by changes in their permeability. FEBS Letters 145(1): 109-14.
Sessa G and Weissmann Gerald (1970). Incorporation of lysozyme into liposomes. A model for structure-linked latency. J Biol Chem 245(13): 3295-3301.
Sharma A and Sharma US (1997). Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. Int J Pharm 154(2): 123-140.
Shi G, Guo W, Stephenson SM and Lee RJ (2002). Efficient intracellular drug and gene delivery using folate-receptor-targeted pH sensitive liposomes composed of cationic/anionic lipid combinations. J Control Release 80(1-2): 309-19.
Song CK, Jung SH, Kim DD, Jeong KS, Shin BC and Seong H (2009). Disaccharide-modified liposomes and their in vitro intracellular uptake. Int J Pharm 380(1-2): 161-169.
Soni V, Chandel S, Jain P and Asati S (2016). Role of liposomal drug-delivery system in cosmetics. Nanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics 10: 93-120.
Szebeni J (2001). Complement activation-related pseudoallergy caused by liposomes, micellar carriers of intravenous drugs, and radiocontrast agents. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 18(6): 567-606.
Szebeni J, Baranyi L, Savay S, Lutz HU, Jelezarova E, Bunger R, Alving CR (2000). The Role of Complement Activation in Hypersensitivity to Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (Doxil®). J Liposome Res 10(4): 467-481.
Takara K, Hatakeyama H, Ohga N, Hida K and Harashima H (2010). Design of a dual-ligand system using a specific ligand and cell penetrating peptide, resulting in a synergistic effect on selectivity and cellular uptake. Int J Pharm 396(1-2): 143-148.
Taneja D, Namdeo A, Mishra PR, Khopade AJ and Jain NK (2000). High-entrapment liposomes for 6-mercaptopurine-a prodrug approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 26 (12):1315-9.
Touitou E, Alkabes M and Dayan Eliaz M (1997). Ethosomes: novel vesicular carriers for enhanced skin delivery. Pharm Res 14: 305-6.
Tyrrell DA (1977). The Effect of Serum Protein Fractions on Liposome-Cell Interactions in Cultured Cells and the Perfused Rat Liver. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 497(2): 469-480.
Vail DM, Kravis LD, Cooley AJ, Chun R and MacEwen EG (1997). Preclinical trial of Doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes in dogs with spontaneously arising malignant tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 39(5): 4l0-416.
Vitonyte J, Manca ML and Caddeo C (2017). Bifunctional viscous nanovesicles co-loaded with resveratrol and gallic acid for skin protection against microbial and oxidative injuries. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 114: 278-287.
Wassef NM and Alving CR (1986). Phosphatidylinositol Liposomes Opsonized by Concanavalin A stimulate phosphatidylinositol turnover in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138(3): 1090-1098.
Yuba E (2019). Stimuli-responsive polymer-modified liposomes and their application to DDS. Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications 4: 305-309.
Zaru M, Manca ML, Fadda AM and Orsini G (2014). Glycerosomes and use thereof in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations for topical applications. U.S. Patent 8,778,367 B2, July 15.
Zhang K, Zhang Y, Li Z, Li N and Feng N (2017). Essential oil-mediated glycerosomes increase transdermal paeoniflorin delivery: optimization, characterization, and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Nanomedicine 12: 3521-32.
Zylberberg C and Matosevic S (2016). Pharmaceutical liposomal drug delivery: a review of new delivery systems and a look at the regulatory landscape. Drug Deliv 23(9): 3319-3329.
Allen TM and Cullis PR (2013). Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65(1): 36-48.
Allen TM, Hansen C, Martin F, Redemann C and Yau-Young A (1991). Liposomes containing synthetic lipid derivatives of poly (ethylene glycol) show prolonged circulation half-lives in vivo. Biochim Biophy Acta 1066(1): 29-36.
Attwood D and Saundees L (1965). A light-scattering study of ultrasonically irradiated lecithin sols. Biochim Biophys Acta 98(2): 344-350.
Bangale GS, Rajesh KS and Shinde GV (2014). Stealth Liposomes: A Novel Approach of Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Int J Pharm Sci Res 5: 750-759.
Bangham AD (1963). Physical structure and behaviour of lipids and lipid enzymes. Adv. Lipid Res 1: 65-104.
Bangham AD, Standish MM, and Watkins JC (1965). Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J Mol Biol 13(1): 238-252.
Bibi S, Lattmann E, Mohammed AR and Perrie Y (2012). Trigger release liposome systems: local and remote controlled delivery. J Microencapsul 29(3): 262-76.
Bragagni M, Mennini N, Maestrelli F, Cirri M and Mura P (2012). Comparative study of liposomes, transfersomes and ethosomes as carriers for improving topical delivery of celecoxib. Drug Deliv 19(7): 354-61.
Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N and Khan W (2017). Liposomal Formulations in Clinical Use: An Updated Review. Pharmaceutics 9(2): 1-33.
Cattel L (2004). From Conventional to Stealth Liposomes: a New Frontier in Cancer Chemotherapy. J Chemother 16(4): 94-97.
Chandel A, Patil V, Goyal R, Dhamija H and Parashar B (2012). Ethosomes: a novel approach towards transdermal drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences 1(9): 563-9.
Chonn A (1992). Association of Blood Proteins with Large Unilamellar Liposomes in vivo. J Biol Chem 267(26): 18759-18765.
Damen J, Regts J and Scherphof G (1981). Transfer and exchange of phospholipid between small unilamellar liposomes and rat plasma high density lipoproteins. Dependence on cholesterol content and phospholipid composition. Biochim Biophys Acta(BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 665(3): 538-545.
Dave V, Pareek A and Paliwal S (2012). Ethosome: a novel approach of transdermal drug delivery system. International Journal of Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical and Bio Sciences 2(4): 439- 452.
Deonarain MP and Epenetos AA (1994). Targeting enzymes for cancer therapy: old enzymes in new roles. Br J Cancer 70(5): 786-794.
Dvm MLM, Dvm DET et al. (2000). The role of liposomes in drug delivery and diagnostic imaging: a review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41(2): 100-107.
Elsayed MM, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF and Khalafallah NM (2007). Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm 332 (1-2): 1-16.
Forssena E and Willis M (1998). Ligand-targeted liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29(3): 249-271.
Fortin-Ripoche JP, Martina MS, Gazeau F, Menager C, Wilhelm C, Bacri JC, Lesieur S and Clement O (2006). Magnetic targeting of magnetoliposomes to solid tumors with MR imaging monitoring in mice: feasibility. Radiology 239(2): 415-24.
Frezard F (1999). Liposomes: from biophysics to the design of peptide vaccines. Braz J Med Biol Res 32(2): 181-189.
Funato K, Yoda R and Kiwada H (1992). Contribution of complement system on destabilization of liposomes composed of hydrogenated egg phosphatidylcholine in rat fresh plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1103(2): 198-204.
Gabizon A and Papahadjopoulos D (1988). Liposome formulations with prolonged circulation time in blood and enhanced uptake by tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 85(18): 6949-53.
Harashima H and Kiwada H (1996). Studies on the mechanism of uptake of liposomes using an isolated perfused liver system. J Liposome Res 6(1): 61-75.
Harashima H, Sakata K, Funato K and Kiwada H (1994). Enhanced hepatic uptake of liposomes through complement activation depending on the size of liposomes. Pharm Res 11(3): 402-406.
Hassan M, Hassan Z, Nilsson C, Rehim MA, Kumlien S, Elfsson B and Kallberg N (1998). Pharmacokinetics and distribution of liposomal busulfan in the rat: A new formulation for intravenous administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42(6): 471-8.
Huang L and Connor J (1985). Efficient cytoplasmic delivery of a fluorescent dye by pH-sensitive liposomes. J Cell Biol 101(2): 582-9.
Hundekar YR, Nanjwade BK, Mohamied AS and Idris NF (2015). Nanomedicine to Tumor by Enzymosomes. Journal of Nanotechnology: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2: 1-5.
Immordino ML, Dosio F and Cattel L (2006). Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. Int J Nanomedicine 1(3): 297-315.
Ishida T, Harashima H and Kiwada H (2002). Liposome Clearance. Biosci Rep 22(2): 197-224.
Israelachvili JN, Mitchell DJ and Ninham BW (1976). Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 2. 72(0): 1525-1568.
Jia-You F, Tsong-Long H and Yen-Ling H (2006). Liposomes as vehicles for enhancing drug delivery via skin routes. Curr Sci 2(1): 55-70.
Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK and Aggarwal D (2004). Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J Pharm 269(1): 1-14.
Kaushik AY (2011). Transferosome: The drug loaded ultradeformable vesicles for transdermal drug delivery. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2(11): 40-42.
Kiwada H, Matsuo H and Harashima H (1998). Identification of proteins mediating clearance of liposomes using a liver perfusion system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 32(1-2): 61-79.
Kneer W, Rother M, Mazgareanu S and Seidel EJ (2013). A 12-week randomized study of topical therapy with three dosages of ketoprofen in Transfersome® gel (IDEA-033) compared with the ketoprofen-free vehicle (TDT 064), in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Pain Res 6: 743-53.
Kumar GP and Rajeshwarrao P (2011). Nonionic surfactant vesicular systems for effective drug delivery—an overview. Acta Pharm Sin B 1(4): 208-219.
Kumar VV (1991). Complementary molecular shapes and additivity of the packing parameter of lipids. Pro Natl Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88(2): 444-448.
Laverman P (2001). Factors affecting the accelerated blood clearance of polyethylene glycol-liposomes upon repeated injection. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298(2): 996-1001.
Laverman P, Brouwers AH, Dams ETM, Oyen WJG, Storm G, Rooijen NV, Corsten Frans HM and Boerman OC (2000). Preclinical and clinical evidence for disappearance of long circulating characteristics of polyethylene glycol liposomes at low lipid dose. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293(3): 996-1001.
Lemmich J, Mortensen K, Ipsen JH, Honger T, Bauer R and Mouritsen OG (1997). The effect of cholesterol in small amounts on lipid bilayer softness in the region of the main phase transition. Eur Biophys J 25(4): 293-304.
Lesieur S, Madelmont CG, Menager C, Cabuil V, Dadhi D. Pierrot P and Edwards K (2003). Evidence of Surfactant-Induced Formation of Transient Pores in Lipid Bilayers by Using Magnetic-Fluid-Loaded Liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 125: 5266-5267.
Liu D, Liu F and Song YK (1995). Recognition and clearance of liposomes containing phosphatidylserine are mediated by serum opsonin. Biochim Biophys Acta 12345(1): 140-146.
Sab M and Yadav V (2012). Liposomes: An Overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Science Innovation 1(1): 13-21.
Macfarlane MG and Knight BCJG (1941). The biochemistry of bacterial toxins. Biochem J 35(8-9): 884-902.
Mahato RI (2005). Water Insoluble and Soluble Lipids for gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57(5): 699-712.
Manca ML, Castangiaa I, Caddeo C, Pando D, Escribano E, Valentia D, Lampis Sandrina, Zaru Marco, Fadda AM and Manconi M (2014). Improvement of quercetin protective effect against oxidative stress skin damages by incorporation in nanovesicles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 123: 566-74.
Manca ML, Cencetti C, Matricardi P, Castangia I, Zaruc M, Sales OD, Nacher A, Valenti D, Maccioni AM, Fadda AM and Manconi M (2016). Glycerosomes: Use of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine mixture and its effect on vesicle features and diclofenac skin penetration. Int J Pharm 511(1): 198-204.
Manca ML, Peris JE and Melis V (2015). Nanoincorporation of curcumin in polymer-glycerosomes and evaluation of their in vitro-in vivo suitability as pulmonary delivery systems. RSC Adv 127: 1-28.
Manca ML, Zaru M, Manconi M, Lai F, Valenti D, Sinicoa C and Fadda AM (2013). Glycerosomes: A new tool for effective dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 455(1-2): 66-74.
Martina MS, Fortin JP, Fournier L, Menager C, Gazeau F, Clement O and Lesiuer S (2007). Magnetic targeting of rhodamine-labeled superparamagnetic liposomes to solid tumors: in vivo tracking by fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy. Mol Imaging 6(2): 140-6.
Martina MS, Fortin JP, Menager C, Clement O, Barratt G, Grabielle-Madelmont C, Gazeau F, Cabuil V and Lesieur S (2005). Generation of superparamagnetic liposomes revealed as highly efficient MRI contrast agents for in vivo imaging. J Am Chem Soc 127(30): 10676-85.
Maurer N, Fenske DB and Cullis PR (2001). Developments in liposomal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Biol The 1(6): 1-25.
Moghimi SM and Szebeni J (2003). Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog Lipid Res 42(6): 463-478.
Morand K, Bartoletti AC, Bochot A, Barratt G, Brandely ML and Chast F (2007). Liposomal amphotericin B eye drops to treat fungal keratitis: physico-chemical and formulation stability. Int J Pharm 344(1-2): 150-3.
Mufamadi MS (2011). A review on composite liposomal technologies for specialized drug delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery 2011: 1-19.
Mura S, Nicolas J and Couvreur P (2013). Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat Mat. 12(11): 991-1003.
Negi LM, Garg AK and Chauhan M (2009). Ultradeformable vesicles: concept and execution. Pharma Times 41(9): 11-4.
Nobs L, Buchegger F, Gurny R and Allemann E (2004). Current methods for attaching targeting ligands to liposomes and nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 93(8): 1980-1992.
Pandita A and Sharma P (2013). Pharmacosomes: An Emerging Novel Vesicular Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Synthetic and Herbal Drugs. ISRN Pharm 1-10.
Paszko E and Senge MO (2012). Immunoliposomes. Curr Med Chem 19(31): 5239-5277.
Plassat V, Martina MS, Barratt G, Menager C and Lesieur S (2007). Sterically stabilized superparamagnetic liposomes for MR imaging and cancer therapy: pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Int J Pharm 344 (1-2): 118-27.
Plassat V, Wilhelm C, Marsaud V, Menager C, Gazeau F, Renoir JM and Lesieur S (2011). Anti-Estrogen-Loaded Superparamagnetic Liposomes for Intracellular Magnetic Targeting and Treatment of Breast Cancer Tumors. Adv Funct Mater 21(1): 83-92.
Popovska O, Simonovska J, Kavrakovski Z and Rafajlovska V (2014). An overview: methods for preparation and characterization of liposomes as drug delivery systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and phytopharmacological Research 3(3): 182-189.
Puri A (2014). Phototriggerable liposomes: current research and future perspectives. Pharmaceutics 6(1): 1-25.
Rafe MDR and Ahmed Z (2017). Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems Have Opened a New Window in Pharmaceutical Sciences: A Literature-based Review. Asian J Pharm 11(4): 250-254.
Rani D, Singh C, Kumar A and Sharma VK (2016). Formulation Development and In-vitro Evaluation of Minoxidil Bearing Glycerosomes. American Journal of Biomedical Research 4(2): 27-37.
Ranson MR (2001). Caelyx (stealth liposomal doxorubicin) in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 37(2): 115-120.
Riviere C, Martina MS, Tomita Y, Wilhelm C, Dinh AT, Menager C, Pinard E, Lesieur S, Gazeau F and Seylaz J (2007). Magnetic Fluid–loaded Liposomes Targeted to Brain. Radiology 244: 439-448.
Romberg Birgit, Hennink WE and Storm G (2008). Sheddable Coatings for Long-Circulating Nanoparticles. Pharm Res 25(1): 55-71.
Shefrin, CS, Sreelaxmi S, Vijayan V and Nair S.C (2017). Enzymosomes: a rising effectual tool for targeted drug delivery system. Int J App Pharm 9(6): 1-9.
Salem HF, Kharshoum RM, Sayed OM and Hakim LFA (2018). Formulation Design and Optimization of Novel Soft Glycerosomes for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Celecoxib and Cupferron by Box-Behnken Statistical Design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 44 (11): 1871-84.
Samad A, Sultana Y and Aqil M (2007). Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems: An Update Review. Curr Drug Deliv 4(4): 297-305.
Sankar V, Ruckmani K, Jailani S, Siva GK and Sharavanan S (2009). Niosome drug delivery system: advances and medical applications—an overview. Pharmacol online 2: 926-32.
Saroj S, Baby DA and Sabitha M (2012). Current trends in lipid-based delivery systems and its applications in drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5(3): 4-9.
Savay S, Szebeni J, Baranyi L and Alving CR (2002). Potentiation of liposome-induced complement activation by surface-bound albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1559(1): 79-86.
Schroeder A, Kost J and Barenholz Y (2009). Ultrasound, liposomes, and drug delivery: principles for using ultrasound to control the release of drugs from liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 162(1-2): 1-16.
Seltzer SE (1989). The role of liposomes in diagnostic imaging. Radiology 171(1): 19-21.
Semalty A, Semalty M, Rawat BS and Rawat DS (2009). Pharmacosomes: the lipid-based new drug delivery system. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 6(6): 599-612.
Senior J and Gregoriadis G (1982). Is half-life of circulating liposomes determined by changes in their permeability. FEBS Letters 145(1): 109-14.
Sessa G and Weissmann Gerald (1970). Incorporation of lysozyme into liposomes. A model for structure-linked latency. J Biol Chem 245(13): 3295-3301.
Sharma A and Sharma US (1997). Liposomes in drug delivery: progress and limitations. Int J Pharm 154(2): 123-140.
Shi G, Guo W, Stephenson SM and Lee RJ (2002). Efficient intracellular drug and gene delivery using folate-receptor-targeted pH sensitive liposomes composed of cationic/anionic lipid combinations. J Control Release 80(1-2): 309-19.
Song CK, Jung SH, Kim DD, Jeong KS, Shin BC and Seong H (2009). Disaccharide-modified liposomes and their in vitro intracellular uptake. Int J Pharm 380(1-2): 161-169.
Soni V, Chandel S, Jain P and Asati S (2016). Role of liposomal drug-delivery system in cosmetics. Nanobiomaterials in Galenic Formulations and Cosmetics 10: 93-120.
Szebeni J (2001). Complement activation-related pseudoallergy caused by liposomes, micellar carriers of intravenous drugs, and radiocontrast agents. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 18(6): 567-606.
Szebeni J, Baranyi L, Savay S, Lutz HU, Jelezarova E, Bunger R, Alving CR (2000). The Role of Complement Activation in Hypersensitivity to Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (Doxil®). J Liposome Res 10(4): 467-481.
Takara K, Hatakeyama H, Ohga N, Hida K and Harashima H (2010). Design of a dual-ligand system using a specific ligand and cell penetrating peptide, resulting in a synergistic effect on selectivity and cellular uptake. Int J Pharm 396(1-2): 143-148.
Taneja D, Namdeo A, Mishra PR, Khopade AJ and Jain NK (2000). High-entrapment liposomes for 6-mercaptopurine-a prodrug approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 26 (12):1315-9.
Touitou E, Alkabes M and Dayan Eliaz M (1997). Ethosomes: novel vesicular carriers for enhanced skin delivery. Pharm Res 14: 305-6.
Tyrrell DA (1977). The Effect of Serum Protein Fractions on Liposome-Cell Interactions in Cultured Cells and the Perfused Rat Liver. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 497(2): 469-480.
Vail DM, Kravis LD, Cooley AJ, Chun R and MacEwen EG (1997). Preclinical trial of Doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes in dogs with spontaneously arising malignant tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 39(5): 4l0-416.
Vitonyte J, Manca ML and Caddeo C (2017). Bifunctional viscous nanovesicles co-loaded with resveratrol and gallic acid for skin protection against microbial and oxidative injuries. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 114: 278-287.
Wassef NM and Alving CR (1986). Phosphatidylinositol Liposomes Opsonized by Concanavalin A stimulate phosphatidylinositol turnover in macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138(3): 1090-1098.
Yuba E (2019). Stimuli-responsive polymer-modified liposomes and their application to DDS. Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications 4: 305-309.
Zaru M, Manca ML, Fadda AM and Orsini G (2014). Glycerosomes and use thereof in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations for topical applications. U.S. Patent 8,778,367 B2, July 15.
Zhang K, Zhang Y, Li Z, Li N and Feng N (2017). Essential oil-mediated glycerosomes increase transdermal paeoniflorin delivery: optimization, characterization, and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Nanomedicine 12: 3521-32.
Zylberberg C and Matosevic S (2016). Pharmaceutical liposomal drug delivery: a review of new delivery systems and a look at the regulatory landscape. Drug Deliv 23(9): 3319-3329.
