Surface Modified Nanoparticulate Carriers for the Targeted Treatment of Breast Cancer

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2015.8.1.2

Authors

  • Neeraj Mishra
  • Tejinder Singh
  • Nidhi
  • Supandeep Singh Hallan
  • Veerpal Kaur

Abstract

Breast cancer left overs one of the greatest common metastasis disease in females. Advanced diagnostic devices and better understanding of tumour biology can extend the better therapeutic outcomes. Nanotechnology is a tool that helps in cancer diagnosis and treatment therapy. Many nanocarriers such as solid lipid nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanogels, nano-lipid nanocarriers, biodegradable nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers are introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antineoplastic agents. Surface modified target drug delivery system has the potential to increase the therapeutic effects and also reduce the cytotoxicity of breast cancer. Different approaches have been explored for treatment of breast cancer. This review describes the recent advances in the development of nanocarriers used for the targeted treatment of breast cancer. It also focuses on etiology, risk factor and conventional therapy of breast cancer.

KEYWORDS: Breast Cancer; Nano-carriers; Tumor Targeting; Ligands; Receptor.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Keywords:

Breast Cancer, Nano-carriers, Tumor Targeting, Ligands, Receptor

Downloads

Published

2015-02-28

How to Cite

1.
Mishra N, Singh T, Nidhi, Hallan SS, Kaur V. Surface Modified Nanoparticulate Carriers for the Targeted Treatment of Breast Cancer. Scopus Indexed [Internet]. 2015 Feb. 28 [cited 2024 Dec. 22];8(1):2698-714. Available from: https://ijpsnonline.com/index.php/ijpsn/article/view/758

Issue

Section

Review Articles

References

Agus DB, Akita RW, Fox WD, Lewis GD, Higgins B, Pisacane PI, Lofgren JA, Tindell C, Evans DP and Maiese K (2002). Targeting Ligand-Activated Erbb2 Signaling Inhibits Breast and Prostate Tumor Growth. Cancer cell, 2: 127-137.

Alemdaroglu FE, Alemdaroglu NC, Langguth P and Herrmann A (2008). DNA Block Copolymer Micelles–A Combinatorial Tool for Cancer Nanotechnology. Advanced Materials, 20: 899-902.

Allen TM (2002). Ligand-Targeted Therapeutics in Anticancer Therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2: 750-763.

Arias-Pulido H, Chaher N, Gong Y, Qualls C, Vargas J and Royce M (2012). Tumor Stromal Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A is Predictive of Poor Outcome in Inflammatory Breast Cancer. BMC cancer, 12: 298.

Basal E, Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Kalli KR, Hartmann LC, Goodman KM, Goode EL, Kamen BA, Low PS and Knutson KL (2009). Functional Folate Receptor Alpha is Elevated in the Blood of Ovarian Cancer Patients. PLoS One, 4: 62-92.

Beato M, Herrlich P and Schütz G (1995). Steroid Hormone Receptors: many Actors in Search of a plot. Cell, 83: 851-857.

Bhadra D, Bhadra S, Jain S and Jain N (2003). A PEGylated Dendritic Nanoparticulate Carrier of Fluorouracil. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 257: 111-124.

Bhaskar K, Anbu J, Ravichandiran V, Venkateswarlu V and Rao YM (2009). Lipid Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery of Flurbiprofen: Formulation, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies. Lipids Health Dis, 8(10): 1186.

Brannon-Peppas L and Blanchette JO (2012). Nanoparticle and Targeted Systems for Cancer Therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 64: 206-212.

Caminade A-M, Laurent R and Majoral J-P (2005). Characterization of Dendrimers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57: 2130-2146.

Cavalli R, Gasco MR, Chetoni P, Burgalassi S and Saettone MF (2002). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) as Ocular Delivery System for Tobramycin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 238: 241-245.

Chanda N, Shukla R, Katti KV and Kannan R (2009). Gastrin Releasing Protein Receptor Specific Gold Nanorods: Breast and Prostate Tumor avid Nanovectors for Molecular Imaging. Nano letters, 9: 1798-1805.

Chen J, Li S, Shen Q, He H and Zhang Y (2011). Enhanced Cellular Uptake of Folic Acid-Conjugated Plga-Peg Nanoparticles Loaded with Vincristine Sulfate in Human Breast Cancer. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 37: 1339-1346.

Chen Q, Tong S, Dewhirst MW and Yuan F (2004). Targeting Tumor Microvessels using Doxorubicin Encapsulated in A Novel Thermosensitive Liposome. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 3: 1311-1317.

Cheng Y, Wang J, Rao T, He X and Xu T (2007). Pharmaceutical Applications of Dendrimers: Promising Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery. Frontiers in bioscience: A Journal and Virtual Library, 13: 1447-1471.

Clarke RB, Howell A, Potten CS and Anderson E (1997). Dissociation between Steroid Receptor Expression and Cell Proliferation in the Human Breast. Cancer Research, 57: 4987-4991.

Dainty LA, Risinger JI, Morrison C, Chandramouli G, Bidus MA, Zahn C, Rose GS, Fowler J, Berchuck A and Maxwell GL (2007). Over Expression of Folate Binding Protein and Mesothelin are Associated with Uterine Serous Carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology, 105: 563-570.

Davis ME and Shin DM (2008). Nanoparticle Therapeutics: an Emerging Treatment Modality for Cancer. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7: 771-782.

Dhankhar R, Vyas SP, Jain AK, Arora S, Rath G and Goyal AK (2010). Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for Breast Cancer Therapy. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes and Biotechnology, 38: 230-249.

Dreaden EC, Mwakwari SC, Sodji QH, Oyelere AK and El-Sayed MA (2009). Tamoxifen− Poly (Ethylene Glycol)− Thiol Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates: Enhanced Potency and Selective Delivery for Breast Cancer Treatment. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 20: 2247-2253.

Dufès C, Uchegbu IF and Schätzlein AG (2005). Dendrimers in Gene Delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57: 2177-2202.

Duncan R and Malik N (1996). Dendrimers: Biocompatibility and Potential for Delivery of Anticancer Agents. In: Proc Int Symp Control Release Bioact Mater, 23: 105-106.

Elbayoumi TA and Torchilin VP (2008). Tumor-Specific Antibody-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Doxil® Reduces the Manifestation of Auricular Erythema Side Effect in Mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 357: 272-279.

El-Sayed IH, Huang X and El-Sayed MA (2006). Selective Laser Photo-Thermal Therapy of Epithelial Carcinoma using Anti-Egfr Antibody Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles. Cancer letters, 239: 129-135.

Esmaeili F, Ghahremani MH, Ostad SN, Atyabi F, Seyedabadi M, Malekshahi MR, Amini M and Dinarvand R (2008). Folate-Receptor-Targeted Delivery of Docetaxel Nanoparticles Prepared by Plga-Peg-Folate Conjugate. Journal of Drug Targeting, 16: 415-423.

Faltus T, Yuan J, Zimmer B, Kramer A, Loibl S, Manfred Kaufmann, and Klaus Strebhardt (2004). Silencing of The her 2/Neu Gene by Sirna Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in her 2/Neu-Over Expressing Breast Cancer Cells. Neoplasia, 6: 786–795.

Fang J (2006). Nano-or Submicron-Sized Liposomes as Carriers for Drug Delivery. Chang Gung medical Journal, 29: 358.

Farhat M, Lavigne M and Ramwell P (1996). The Vascular Protective Effects of Estrogen. The FASEB Journal, 10: 615-624.

Fernández-Urrusuno R, Calvo P, Remuñán-López C, Vila-Jato JL and also MJ (1999). Enhancement of Nasal Absorption of Insulin using Chitosan Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutical Research, 16: 1576-1581.

Ferrandina G, Corrado G, Licameli A, Lorusso D, Fuoco G, Pisconti S and Scambia G (2010). Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in The Management of Ovarian Cancer. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 6: 463.

Foekens JA, Peters HA, Grebenchtchikov N, Look MP, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Geurts-Moespot A, van der Kwast TH, Sweep CF and Klijn JG (2001). High Tumor Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Predict Poor Response to Systemic Therapy in Advanced Breast Cancer. Cancer Research, 61: 5407-5414.

Franklin MC, Carey KD, Vajdos FF, Leahy DJ, de Vos AM and Sliwkowski MX (2004). Insights into Erbb Signaling from The Structure of The Erbb2-Pertuzumab Complex. Cancer Cell, 5: 317-328.

Gabizon AA (2001). Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin: Metamorphosis of an Old Drug into A New form of Chemotherapy. Cancer Investigation, 19: 424-436.

Ghosh P (2000). Hydrophilic Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 37: 273-282.

Gillies ER and Frechet JM (2005). Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers in Drug Delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 10: 35-43.

Goren D, Horowitz AT, Tzemach D, Tarshish M, Zalipsky S and Gabizon A (2000). Nuclear Delivery of Doxorubicin via Folate-Targeted Liposomes with bypass of Multidrug-Resistance Efflux Pump. Clinical Cancer Research, 6: 1949-1957.

Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert J-M, Argos P and Chambon P (1986). Human Oestrogen Receptor CDNA: Sequence, Expression and Homology to Verb-a. Nature, 320: 134-139.

Gref R, Couvreur P, Barratt G and Mysiakine E (2003). Surface-Engineered Nanoparticles for Multiple Ligand Coupling. Biomaterials, 24: 4529-4537.

Haensler J and Szoka Jr FC (1993). Polyamidoamine Cascade Polymers Mediate Efficient Transfection of Cells in Culture. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 4: 372-379.

Hartmann LC, Keeney GL, Lingle WL, Christianson TJ, Varghese B, Hillman D, Oberg AL and Low PS (2007). Cancer Folate Receptor over Expression is Associated with Poor Outcome in Breast. International Journal of Cancer, 121: 938-942.

Hawker CJ, Wooley KL and Frechet JM (1993). Unimolecular micelles and globular amphiphiles: Dendritic Macromolecules as Novel Recyclable Solubilization Agents. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, 1: 1287-1297.

Ho J-aA, Chang H-C, Shih N-Y, Wu L-C, Chang Y-F, Chen C-C and Chou C (2010). Diagnostic Detection of Human Lung Cancer-Associated Antigen using A Gold Nanoparticle-based Electro-Chemical Immunosensor. Analytical Chemistry, 82: 5944-5950.

Hollis CP, Weiss HL, Evers BM, Gemeinhart RA and Li T (2013). In Vivo Investigation of Hybrid Paclitaxel Nanocrystals with Dual Fluorescent Probes for Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutical Research, 1-10.

Hu F-Q, Jiang S-P, Du Y-Z, Yuan H, Ye Y-Q and Zeng S (2005). Preparation and Characterization of Stearic acid Nanostructured Lipid Carriers by Solvent Diffusion Method in an Aqueous System. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 45: 167-173.

Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W and El-Sayed MA (2006). Cancer Cell Imaging and Photothermal Therapy in The Near-Infrared Region by using Gold Nanorods. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128: 2115-2120.

Huff TB, Tong L, Zhao Y, Hansen MN, Cheng J-X and Wei A (2007). Hyperthermic Effects of Gold Nanorods on Tumor Cells. 2: 125-132.

Jain RK and Stylianopoulos T (2010). Delivering Nanomedicine to Solid Tumors. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 7: 653-664.

Kalli KR, Oberg AL, Keeney GL, Christianson TJ, Low PS, Knutson KL and Hartmann LC (2008). Folate Receptor Alpha as A Tumor Target in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, 108: 619-626.

Kaur G and Roy I (2008). Therapeutic Applications of Aptamers. Expert Opin Investiq Drugs, 17: 43-60.

Khan DR (2010). The Use of Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy, 2.

Kim SH, Jeong JH, Chun KW and Park TG (2005). Target-Specific Cellular Uptake of Plga Nanoparticles Coated with Poly (L-Lysine)-Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Folate Conjugate. Langmuir, 21: 8852-8857.

Kojima C, Kono K, Maruyama K and Takagishi T (2000). Synthesis of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Having Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Grafts and their Ability to Encapsulate Anticancer Drugs. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 11: 910-917.

Kono K, Liu M and Fréchet JM (1999). Design of Dendritic Dacromolecules Containing Folate or Methotrexate Residues. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 10: 1115-1121.

Koster F, Felberbaum R, Finas D, Wunsch K, Schulz C, Diedrich K and Hauser C (2002). Progesterone and Pstradiol Enhance Lipid Mediated Transfection of sk-br-3 Mammarian Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 9: 617-620.

Kuiper G, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S and Gustafsson J-A (1996). Cloning of A Novel Receptor Expressed in Rat Prostate and Ovary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93: 5925-5930.

Kumar V, Green S, Stack G, Berry M, Jin J-R and Chambon P (1987). Functional Domains of the Human Estrogen Receptor. Cell, 51: 941-951.

Labhasetwar V, Song C, Humphrey W, Shebuski R and Levy RJ (1998). Arterial Uptake of Biodegradable Nanoparticles: Effect of Surface Modifications. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 87: 1229-1234.

Lammers T, Kiessling F, Hennink WE and Storm G (2012). Drug Targeting to Tumors: Principles, Pitfalls and (Pre-) Clinical Progress. Journal of Controlled Release, 161: 175-187.

Laurent S, Bridot J-L, Elst LV and Muller RN (2010). Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Future Medicinal Chemistry, 2: 427-449.

Lavigne C and Thierry AR (2007). Specific Subcellular Localization of Sirnas Delivered by Lipoplex in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Biochimie, 89: 1245-1251.

Lee JH, Yigit MV, Mazumdar D and Lu Y (2010). Molecular Diagnostic And Drug Delivery Agents Based On Aptamer-Nanomaterial Conjugates. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 62: 592-605.

Lee M-K, Lim S-J and Kim C-K (2007). Preparation, Characteri-zation And In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel-Loaded Sterically Stabilized Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 28: 2137-2146.

Li J-L, Wang L, Liu X-Y, Zhang Z-P, Guo H-C, Liu W-M and Tang S-H (2009). In Vitro Cancer Cell Imaging and Therapy using Transferrin-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles. Cancer letters, 274: 319-326.

Li X-Y, Luo Q-F, Wei C-K, Li D-F and Fang L (2014). siRNA-Mediated Silencing of CDK8 Inhibits Proliferation and Growth in Breast Cancer Cells. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 7: 92-100.

Linderholm BK, Lindahl T, Holmberg L, Klaar S, Lennerstrand J, Henriksson R and Bergh J (2001). The Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Correlates with Mutant P53 and Poor Prognosis in Human Breast Cancer. Cancer Research, 61: 2256-2260.

Liu F, Park JY, Zhang Y, Conwell C, Liu Y, Bathula SR and Huang L (2010). Targeted Cancer Therapy with Novel High Drug‐Loading Nanocrystals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 99: 3542-3551.

Liu G, Mao X, Phillips JA, Xu H, Tan W, Zeng L (2009). Aptamer-Nanoparticle Strip Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Cancer Cells. Anal Chem, 81: 10013-10020.

Liu X, Jiang F, Kalidas S, Smith D and Liu Q (2006). Dicer-2 and r2d2 Coordinately Bind Sirna to Promote Assembly of the Sirisc Complexes. RNA, 12: 1514-1520.

Low PS and Kularatne SA (2009). Folate-Targeted Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for Cancer. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 13: 256-262.

Lu B, Xiong S-B, Yang H, Yin X-D and Chao R-B (2006). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Mitoxantrone for Local Injection against Breast Cancer and its Lymph Node Metastases. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28: 86-95.

Lu Y and Low PS (2012). Folate-Mediated Delivery of Macro-Molecular Anticancer Therapeutic Agents. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 64: 342-352.

Luppi B, Bigucci F, Corace G, Delucca A, Cerchiara T, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Di Pietra AM and Zecchi V (2011). Albumin Nanoparticles Carrying Cyclodextrins for Nasal Delivery of the Anti-Alzheimer Drug Tacrine. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 44: 559-565.

MacGillivray M H, Morishima A, Conte F, Grumbach M and Smith E P (1998). Pediatric Endocrinology Update: an Overview. The Essential Roles of Estrogens in Pubertal Growth, Epiphyseal Fusion and Bone Turnover: Lessons from Mutations in the Genes for Aromatase and the Estrogen Receptor. Horm Res, 49: 2-8.

Maeda H (2001). The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (Epr) Effect in Tumour Vasculature: The Key Role of Tumour-Selective Macromolecular Drug Targeting. Adv. Enzyme Regul., 41: 189-207.

Malam Y, Loizidou M and Seifalian AM (2009). Liposomes and Nanoparticles: Nanosized Vehicles for Drug Delivery in Cancer. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 30: 592-599.

Malik N, Evagorou EG and Duncan R (1999). Dendrimer-Platinate: A Novel Approach to Cancer Chemotherapy. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 10: 767-776.

Marcucci F and Lefoulon F (2004). Active Targeting with Particulate Drug Carriers in Tumor Therapy: fundamentals and Recent Progress. Drug Discovery Today, 9: 219-228.

Matsumura Y and Maeda H (1986). A New Concept for Macro-Molecular Therapeutics in Cancer Chemotherapy: Mechanism of Tumoritropic Accumulation of Proteins and The Antitumor Agent Smancs. Cancer Research, 46: 6387-6392.

Maxwell GL, Chandramouli G, Dainty L, Litzi TJ, Berchuck A, Barrett JC and Risinger JI (2005). Microarray Analysis of Endometrial Carcinomas and Mixed Mullerian Tumors Reveals Distinct Gene Expression Profiles Associated with Different Histologic Types of Uterine Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 11: 4056-4066.

McLeskey SW, Tobias CA, Vezza PR, Filie AC, Kern FG and Hanfelt J (1998). Tumor Growth of FGF or VEGF Transfected MCF-7 Breast Carcinoma Cells Correlates with Density of Specific Microvessels Independent of The Transfected Angiogenic Factor. The American Journal of Pathology, 153: 1993-2006.

Mehnert W and Mäder K (2001). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization and Applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47: 165-196.

Meryet-Figuières M, Resina S, Lavigne C, Barlovatz-Meimon G, Lebleu B and Thierry AR (2007). Inhibition of PAI-1 Expression in Breast Cancer Carcinoma Cells by Sirna at Nanomolar Range. Biochimie, 89: 1228-1233.

Moghimi SM, Hunter AC and Murray JC (2005). Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Prospects. The FASEB Journal, 19: 311-330.

Mosselman S, Polman J and Dijkema R (1996). ERβ: Identification and Characterization of a Novel Human Estrogen Receptor. FEBS letters, 392: 49-53.

Moulik S and Chatterjee A (2007). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Tumour Angiogenesis. Indian J. Med. Res., 125: 715–716.

Mulik RS, Mönkkönen J, Juvonen RO, Mahadik KR and Paradkar AR (2010). Transferrin Mediated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Curcumin: Enhanced In Vitro Anticancer Activity by Induction of Apoptosis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 398: 190-203.

Müller R, Radtke M and Wissing S (2002). Nanostructured Lipid Matrices for Improved Microencapsulation of Drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 242: 121-128.

Murakami H, Kobayashi M, Takeuchi H and Kawashima Y (1999). Preparation of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles by Modified Spontaneous Emulsification Solvent Diffusion Method. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 187: 143-152.

Murthy R (2005). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for Anti-Cancer Drugs to Solid Tumours. Drug Delhi., 12: 385-392.

Nagavarma B, Yadav HK, Ayaz A, Vasudha L and Shivakumar H (2012). Different Techniques for Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles- A Review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5: 16-23.

Nahar M, Dutta T, Murugesan S, Asthana A, Mishra D, Rajkumar V, Tare M, Saraf S and Jain NK (2006). Functional Polymeric Nanoparticles: an Efficient and Promising Tool for Active Delivery of Bioactives. Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 23: 259-318.

Nahta R, Yu D, Hung M-C, Hortobagyi GN and Esteva FJ (2006). Mechanisms of Disease: Understanding Resistance to her2-Targeted Therapy in Human Breast Cancer. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 3: 269-280.

Neve R, Lane H and Hynes N (2001). The Role of Overexpressed HER2 In Transformation. Annals of oncology, 12: S9-S13.

O’brien M, Wigler N, Inbar M, Rosso R, Grischke E, Santoro A, Catane R, Kieback D, Tomczak P and Ackland S (2004). Reduced Cardiotoxicity and Comparable Efficacy in A Phase Iii Trial of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Hcl (Caelyx™/Doxil®) Versus Conventional Doxorubicin for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Annals of Oncology, 15: 440-449.

Osborne CK (1998). Steroid Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer Management. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 51: 227-238.

Owen RL, Strasters JK and Breyer ED (2005). Lipid Vesicles in Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques: Characterization of Structural Properties and Associated Membrane‐Molecule Interactions. Electrophoresis, 26: 735-751.

Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Mishra N, Mehta A and Vyas SP (2010). A Novel Cancer Targeting Approach based on Estrone Anchored Stealth Liposome for Site-Specific Breast Cancer Therapy. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 10: 343-353.

Patil ML, Zhang M, Taratula O, Garbuzenko OB, He H and Minko T (2009). Internally Cationic Polyamidoamine Pamam-Oh Dendrimers for Sirna Delivery: Effect of the Degree of Quaternization and Cancer Targeting. Biomacromolecules, 10: 258-266.

Patil YB, Toti US, Khdair A, Ma L and Panyam J (2009). Single-Step Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomaterials, 30: 859-866.

Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, Farokhzad OC, Margalit R and Langer R (2007). Nanocarriers as an Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy. Nature Nanotechnology, 2: 751-760.

Pitt CG, Marks T and Schindler A (1980). Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems based on Aliphatic Polyesters: Application to Contraceptives and Narcotic Antagonists, Academic Press: New York.

Qian ZM, Li H, Sun H and Ho K (2002). Targeted Drug Delivery via the Transferrin Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Pathway. Pharmacological Reviews, 54: 561-587.

Rai S, Paliwal R, Vaidya B, Gupta PN, Mahor S, Khatri K, Goyal AK, Rawat A and Vyas S (2007). Estrogen (s) and Analogs as a Non-Immunogenic Endogenous Ligand in Targeted Drug/DNA Delivery. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 14: 2095-2109.

Reddy BS and Banerjee R (2005). 17β‐Estradiol‐Associated Stealth‐Liposomal Delivery of Anticancer Gene to Breast Cancer Cells. Angewandte Chemie, 117: 6881-6885.

Reichert JM and Wenger JB (2008). Development Trends for New Cancer Therapeutics and Vaccines. Drug Discovery Today, 13: 30-37.

Ren Y, Zhang H, Chen B, Cheng J, Cai X, Liu R, Xia G, Wu W, Wang S and Ding J (2012). Multifunctional Magnetic Fe. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 7: 2261-2269.

Rimmele M (2003). Nucleic Acid Aptamers as Tools and Drugs: Recent Developments. Chembiochem, 4: 963-971.

Rochefort H, Capony F, Garcia M, Cavaillès V, Freiss G, Chambon M, Morisset M and Vignon F (1987). Estrogen‐Induced Lysosomal Proteases Secreted by Breast Cancer Cells: A Role in Carcinogenesis? Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 35: 17-29.

Roh H, Pippin J and Drebin JA (2000). Down-regulation of HER2/ Neu Expression Induces Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells that over Express HER2/neu. Cancer Research, 60: 560-565.

Rubin I and Yarden Y (2001). The Basic Biology of HER2. Annals of Oncology, 12: S3-S8.

Sahoo SK, Ma W and Labhasetwar V (2004). Efficacy of Transferrin‐conjugated Paclitaxel‐loaded Nanoparticles in a Murine Model of Prostate Cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 112: 335-340.

Sanvicens N and Marco MP (2008). Multifunctional Nanoparticles–Properties and Prospects for their Use in Human Medicine. Trends in Biotechnology, 26: 425-433.

Sapra P and Allen T (2003). Ligand-targeted Liposomal Anticancer Drugs. Progress in Lipid Research, 42: 439-462.

Saupe A, Gordon KC and Rades T (2006). Structural Investigations on Nanoemulsions, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers by Cryo-Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 314: 56-62.

Saupe A, Wissing SA, Lenk A, Schmidt C and Müller RH (2005). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)-Structural Investigations on Two Different Carrier Systems. Bio-medical Materials and Engineering, 15: 393-402.

Schiavon O, Pasut G, Moro S, Orsolini P, Guiotto A and Veronese F (2004). PEG–Ara-C Conjugates for Controlled Release. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 39: 123-133.

Shangguan D, Tang Z, Mallikaratchy P, Xiao Z and Tan W (2007). Optimization and Modifications of Aptamers Selected from Live Cancer Cell Lines. Chembiochem, 8: 603-606.

Sharaf LH (2006). Current Trends and Recent Advances in Breast Cancer Drug Therapy. Cancer Therapy, 4: 183-192.

Shawver LK, Slamon D and Ullrich A (2002). Smart Drugs: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell, 1: 117-123.

Shenoy V, Vijay I and Murthy R (2005). Tumour Targeting: Biological Factors and Formulation Advances in Injectable Lipid Nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57: 411-421.

Shokri N, Javar HA, Fouladdel S, Khalaj A, Khoshayand M, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F, Nomani A and Azizi E (2011). Preparation and Evaluation of Poly (Caprolactone Fumarate) Nanoparticles Containing Doxorubicin Hcl. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19: 12-22.

Shubayev VI, Pisanic II TR and Jin S (2009). Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theragnostics. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 61: 467-477.

Singhal S, Nie S and Wang MD (2010). Nanotechnology Applications in Surgical Oncology. Annual Review of Medicine, 61: 359.

Sommer S and Fuqua SA (2001). Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 11: 339-352.

Song C, Labhasetwar V, Murphy H, Qu X, Humphrey W, Shebuski R and Levy R (1997). Formulation and Characterization of Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Intravascular Local Drug Delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 43: 197-212.

Sonvico F, Mornet S, Vasseur S, Dubernet C, Jaillard D, Degrouard J, Hoebeke J, Duguet E, Colombo P and Couvreur P (2005). Folate-Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Targeting as Potential Specific Magnetic Hyperthermia Mediators: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and in vitro Experiments. Bioconjugate chemistry, 16: 1181-1188.

Soppimath KS, Aminabhavi TM, Kulkarni AR and Rudzinski WE (2001). Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Devices. Journal of Controlled Release, 70: 1-20.

Speirs V (2002). Oestrogen Receptor β in Breast Cancer: Good, Bad or Still too Early to Tell? The Journal of Pathology, 197: 143-147.

Storvold GL, Andersen TI, Perou CM and Frengen E (2006). Sirna: A Potential tool for Future Breast Cancer Therapy? Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis, 12: 127-150.

Sudimack J and Lee RJ (2000). Targeted Drug Delivery via the Folate Receptor. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 41: 147-162.

Sutton D, Kim S, Shuai X, Leskov K, Marques JT, Williams BR, Boothman DA and Gao J (2006). Efficient Suppression of Secretory Clusterin Levels by Polymer-Sirna Nanocomplexes Enhances Ionizing Radiation Lethality in Human Mcf-7 Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 1: 155-162.

Tagami T, Ernsting MJ and Li S-D (2011). Efficient Tumor Regression by A Single and Low Dose Treatment with A Novel and Enhanced Formulation of Thermosensitive Liposomal Doxorubicin. Journal of Controlled Release, 152: 303-309.

Tai W, Mahato R and Cheng K (2010). The Role Of her2 in Cancer Therapy and Targeted Drug Delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 146: 264-275.

Tanaka T, Decuzzi P, Cristofanilli M, Sakamoto JH, Tasciotti E, Robertson FM and Ferrari M (2009). Nanotechnology for Breast Cancer therapy. Biomedical Microdevices, 11: 49-63.

Teeranachaideekul V, Boonme P, Souto EB, Müller RH and Junyaprasert VB (2008). Influence of Oil Content on Physicochemical Properties and Skin Distribution of Nile Red-Loaded NLC. Journal of Controlled Release, 128: 134-141.

Thompson DH, Zhou M, Grey J and Kim HK (2007). Design, Synthesis and Performance of NTA-Modified Lipids as Templates for Histidine-Tagged Protein Crystallization. Chemistry Letters 36: 956-975.

Tomalia D, Reyna L and Svenson S (2007). Dendrimers As Multi-Purpose Nanodevices for Oncology Drug Delivery and Diagnostic Imaging. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35: 61-67.

Tombelli S, Minunni M and Mascini M (2005). Analytical Applications of Aptamers. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 20: 2424-2434.

Tong L, Zhao Y, Huff TB, Hansen MN, Wei A and Cheng JX (2007). Gold Nanorods Mediate Tumor Cell Death by Compromising Membrane Integrity. Advanced Materials, 19: 3136-3141.

Tong R and Cheng J (2007). Anticancer Polymeric Nanomedicines. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part c: Polymer Reviews, 47: 345-381.

Torchilin VP (2007). Micellar Nanocarriers: Pharmaceutical Perspectives. Pharmaceutical Research, 24: 1-16.

Torchilin VP (2012). Multifunctional Nanocarriers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 64: 302-315.

Tuerk C and Gold L (1990). Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment: RNA ligands to Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase. Science, 249: 505-510.

Turner RT, Riggs BL and Spelsberg TC (1994). Skeletal Effects of Estrogen. Endocrine Reviews, 15: 275-300.

Van Balen GP, Caron G, Bouchard G, Reist M, Carrupt PA, Fruttero R, Gasco A and Testa B (2004). Liposome/Water Lipophilicity: Methods, Information Content, and Pharmaceutical Applications. Medicinal research reviews, 24: 299-324.

Van Vlerken LE, Vyas TK and Amiji MM (2007). Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Modified Nanocarriers for Tumor-Targeted and Intracellular Delivery. Pharmaceutical research, 24: 1405-1414.

Vasir JK and Labhasetwar V (2005). Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, 4: 363-374.

Wang X, Yang L, Chen ZG and Shin DM (2008). Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy and Imaging. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 58: 97-110.

Wu J, Liu Q and Lee RJ (2006). A Folate Receptor-Targeted Liposomal Formulation for Paclitaxel. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 316: 148-153.

Xiang G, Wu J, Lu Y, Liu Z and Lee RJ (2008).Synthesis And Evaluation Of A Novel Ligand for Folate-Mediated Targeting Liposomes. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 356: 29-36.

Xu P, Van Kirk EA, Li S, Murdoch WJ, Ren J, Hussain MD, Radosz M and Shen Y (2006). Highly Stable Core-Surface-Crosslinked Nanoparticles as Cisplatin Carriers for Cancer Chemotherapy. Colloids and Surfaces b: Biointerfaces, 48: 50-57.

Yallapu MM, Othman SF, Curtis ET, Bauer NA, Chauhan N, Kumar D, Jaggi M and Chauhan SC (2011). Curcumin-Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapeutics and Imaging Applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 7: 1761-1779.

Yang G, Cai KQ, Thompson-Lanza JA, Bast RC and Liu J (2004). Inhibition of Breast and Ovarian Tumor Growth through Multiple Signaling Pathways by Using Retrovirus-Mediated Small Interfering Rna Against HER-2/Neu Gene Expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279: 4339-4345.

Yoo HS and Park TG (2004). Folate Receptor Targeted Biodegradable Polymeric Doxorubicin Micelles. Journal of Controlled Release, 96: 273-283.

Zhang J and Misra R (2007). Magnetic Drug-Targeting Carrier Encapsulated with Thermosensitive Smart Polymer: Core–Shell Nanoparticle Carrier and Drug Release Response. Acta Biomaterialia, 3: 838-850.

Zhang K, Sefah K, Tang L, Zhao Z, Zhu G, Ye M, Sun W, Goodison S and Tan W (2012). A Novel Aptamer Developed for Breast Cancer Cell Internalization. ChemMedChem, 7: 79-84.

Zhang L, Pornpattananangkul D, Hu C-M and Huang C-M (2010). Development of Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Drug Delivery. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 17: 585-594.

Zou W (2005). Immunosuppressive Networks in The Tumour Environment and Their Therapeutic Relevance. Nature Reviews Cancer, 5: 263-274.